IELTS 2 Flashcards
brink
edge, verge حاشیه - آستانه
definitive
adj. Final, complete ; not able to be changed
concur
v. همراه - موافق
n. concurrence
adj. concurrent
I strongly concur with that idea
swamp
v. غرق شدن با آب یا کاری
n. باطلاق
reclining
لم دادن
flaw
نقص
outright
adj. adv. Completely clearly immediately
Neither candidate won outright
an outright ban/rejection/victory
faint
adj. slight - not strong and clear
The lamp gave out a faint glow
grazing
چراگاه
Parasite(perasait)
انگل
infest
v. هجوم بردن حیوانات موذی
The kitchen was infested with ants
Pollinate
گرده افشانی
n. pollen گرده
devastate
v. to destroy a place or thing completely
to make someone feel very shocked and upset
sting
نیش زدن
counteract
خنثی کردن
pull out
ترک کردن - خارج شدن
He pulled out of the deal at the last moment
Confidential
محرمانه
lime
آهک
blemish
n. v. لکه - لکه شدن
unblemished
grind
سابیدن
pp. ground
tinted
adj. with color added:
Tinted glasses
The President arrived at the airport in a car with tinted windows
coincidence
n. two things happening at the same time by chance, in a surprising way
What a coincidence
homogenize
v. همگن کردن - مثل هم کردن
Mar
v. صدمه زدن - خراب کردن
It was a really nice day, marred only by a little argument in the car
inclusions
n. شامل شدن : She is being considered for inclusion in the team
تداخل : They tried to prevent the inclusion of any material
tremor
n. a slight shaking movement in a person’s body, especially because of nervousness or excitement
There was a slight tremor in her voice
ripple
v. n. a small wave on the surface of a liquid, especially water in a lake
The stone she threw caused ripples to spread across the lake
“- plain ice cream with thin wavy lines of other flavors in it:
raspberry ripple”
reveal
v. آشکار کردن - معلوم کردن
embark
v. to go onto a ship
embark on شروع کردن درس یا مطلب
She has already embarked on her studies
context
متن - مفهوم
glacier
کوه یخ
adj. glacial منجمد - سرد
dazzling
adj. خیره کننده
a dazzling white light
a dazzling performance
unaccustomed
adj. not used to - not usual (weather)
famine
قحطی disasters such as floods and famine
precedent
n. سابقه دار
unprecedented adj. بی سابقه
seesaw
v. الاکلنگ - بالا پایین رفتن
Her emotions see-sawed from anger to fear
abruptly
adv. ناگهان - با لحن تند
an abrupt manner/reply
proxy
n. نماینده - وکیل
descend
v. to go or come down
The plane began its final descent into the airport.
There is a steep descent (= way down, such as a path) to the village below
fodder
food that is given to cows, horses and other farm animals
commodity
جنس کالا مواد اولیه
rice, flour and other basic commodities
cue
n. راهنما - نشانه
feeble
adj. weak and without energy
The little lamp gave only a feeble light
phenomenon
n. پدیده
Gravity is a natural phenomenon
enrollment
registration
carpool
استفاده نوبتی از ماشین برای رفت آمد
noun for up in writing
increase
rise
climb
growth/grow
noun for down in writing
decrease fall drop decline dip
adv. for a a lot in writing
significantly
sharply
considerably
adv. for a little in writing
slightly
adv. for not change in writing
steadily
account
بیان علت - محاسبه کردن -
bring back
re-import
drastic
adj. severe and sudden or having very noticeable effects: Output has been drastically reduced
will in formal writing
be likely to
be estimated to
be predicted to
be certain to
adv. for future
certainly
undoubtedly
probably
future with will
make prediction events haven't arrange yet not personal decide what to do at time of speech offer, promises or suggestion
intention
n. something that you want and plan to do قصد خیال
v, intend: We intend to go to Australia next year
future going to
intentions
predictions with evidence
acquisition
n. یادگیری - تحصیل
second language acquisition
fury
n. extreme anger
He kicked the tree in fury at his own stupidity
inflict
v. ضربه زدن - خسارت زدن
They surveyed the damage inflicted by the storm
trail
v. دنبال کشیدن
take a branch
راه جدید رفتن (منحرف شدن موشک)
nifty
adj. handy بسهولت قابل استفاده
a nifty little gadget for slicing cucumbers
offing
n. آینده نزدیک
in the offing = likely to happen soon
avalanche
n. بهمن - تعداد زیادی از هر چیز
menace
n. v. تهدید - تهدید کردن
the menace of industrial pollution
hail
v. صدا زدن
Shall we hail a taxi?
n. تگرگ
torrent
n. سیل
adj. torrential سیل آسا
ambivalent
adj. دو دل
I felt very ambivalent about leaving home
prodigy
n. person with exceptional intelligence, exceptional talented child
eccentric
adj. عجیب غریب
denigrate
v. بدنام کردن
mist
غبار - مه
vantage point
a place from which you can see a lot of things
- point of view
continuum
a series of similar items in which each is almost the same as the ones next to it but the last is very different from the first
mediocre (midioker)
adj. متوسط
a mediocre musician/talent/performance
marvel
v. to show or experience great surprise or admiration
manifest
v. to show something clearly, through signs or actions
The illness first manifested itself in/as severe stomach pains
n. manifestation
outrage
n. a strong feeling of shock and anger
n. an act or event that is violent, cruel or very wrong and that shocks people or makes them very angry
v. to make sb very shocked and angry
jogging
n. دویدن آهسته
He usually goes jogging for half an hour before breakfast
outstrip
v. جلو افتادن
emulate
v. تقلید کردن - imitate - mimic
She hopes to emulate her sister’s sporting achievements
unpalatable
adj. unpleasant بد طعم - تلخ (حقیقت)
unpalatable food
unpalatable truth
integrity
n. درستی راستی کمال
to behave with integrity
delude
v. فریب دادن
He’s deluding himself if he thinks it’s going to be easy
inexorable
adj. that cannot be stopped or changed
the inexorable march of new technology
equilibrium
تعادل توازن
inevitable
adj. that you cannot avoid or prevent - اجتناب ناپذیرناگزیر ناچار
It was an inevitable consequence of the decision
invert
v. برگرداندن - معکوس کردن
frugal
adj. با صرفه جویی - قتاعت
frugal meal غذای ساده و مختصر
birds of prey
مرغ شکاری
captivity
n. اسارت
hibernate
v. to spend the winter sleeping
n. hibernation
hedgehog
جوجه تیغی
comrade (kaamrad)
رفیق - همراه
They were old army comrades
sparing
adj. کم - ناچیز
sparing use of energy
spend …. ?
spend on sth/doing sth
30% ?
30 percent
If the noun is plural, the verb is plural: 65% of children play computer games
role collocation
v. perform, play, take
adj. dominant, essential, fundamental, important, key, leading, major
pre. in
pros and cons
for and against
advantages and drawbacks
strengths and weaknesses
opportunities and obstacles
endorse
v. امضا کردن - صحه گذاری
deliberately
adv. عمدا
wander
go without direction سرگردان بودن
obsess
v. عقده شدن - وسواس شدن
~ about - ~ over
n. obsession وسواس
heel
پاشنه
heels کفش پاشنه بلند
verb for lecture
give, present, attend, go to, hear (formal), listen to, miss, skip, prepare, write
enunciate
v. to say or pronounce words clearly
stand out
v. to be much better than other similar things or people
n. standout: While all the desserts are pretty good, the clear standout is the lemon pie
trim
cutting a small amount
hairstyle
quiff
low fade
under cut
comb over face
demeanor (deminer)
رفتار
they have a friendly demeanor
gratify
v. خوشنود شدن - لذت بردن
He was gratified to see how well his students had done
n. gratification: I like immediate gratification
commuting
v. act of travelling back and forth between home and work
spacious
adj. large and with a lot of space
a spacious house/living room
let off steam
to get rid of your energy, anger or strong emotions by doing sth active or noisy
I went for a long walk to let off steam
bowing
تعظیم کردن
compulsory (kampolseri)
اجباری
compulsory education
elaborate
v. explain something
adj. پر زحمت
She had prepared a very elaborate meal
comprehensive
adj. complete and including everything that is necessary کامل و جامع
He has written a fully comprehensive guide to Rome
render
v. تحویل دادن - ارائه دادن
foster
v. پرورش دادن
foster child فرزند خوانده
reckless
adj. بی ملاحضه
reckless use of synthetic chemicals
pose
v. to cause something, especially a problem or difficulty
Nuclear weapons pose a threat to everyone
lethal
adj. مهلک - کشنده
a lethal weapon
potent
adj. very powerful, forceful or effective
This is a very potent drug
glaring
adj. describes something bad that is very obvious آشکار - مشهود
One glaring disadvantage of pesticides
havoc (havek)
خرابی - ویرانی
The floods caused havoc throughout the area
glory
جلال شکوه
crop yield
بازده محصول
outbreak
a sudden beginning of something, especially of a disease or something else dangerous or unpleasant ظهور - شیوع
outlay
هزینه
The best equipment is costly but is well worth the outlay
peril
خطر
indiscriminate
بی رویه
The indiscriminate use of pesticides is now banned
eradication
ریشه کن شدن
nuisance
مزاحم
I don’t want to be a nuisance so tell me if you want to be alone
stray
ولگرد - سرگردان
a stray dog
taxonomy
سیستم رده بندی و طبقه بندی حیوانات و گیاهان
bait
n. طعمه
v. طعمه گذاشتن
Pitfall
- گودال سر پوشیده - دام - تله
rot
v. decay پوسیدن - فاسد شدن
adj. rotten
aspirator
مکنده
forceps
پنس - انبرک
sift
الک کردن
coarse (cors)
adj. زبر - درشت - بی ادبی
a coarse joke
to sift the leaf litter through a coarse screen
compound sentence
for, and , nor, but, or, yet, so (FANBOYS)
before
after
prior to
following
stages in writing
It takes several steps
It goes through several stages
Beginning Step
First
To begin
The first step is
Middle Steps
Next Then Before After The next step
Last Step
Finally
The last step
The final step
before and after
Use before with the step that comes later. Use after with the step that comes first
Before the raisins are put into packages, they are sorted
The raisins are taken to the processing plant after they are dried
for cooking
chop - dice - roll out - mash - grate - mince - shred - slice - peel
intercity
بین شهری
intercity bus
Exhaust fumes
دود اگزوز
inquiry (enkueri)
پرس و جو - استعلام
inquiry about sth
fleet
ناوگان - کشتی جنگی
discipline
n. نظم - تربیت
v. تربیت کردن - punishment ادب کردن
servant has been disciplined for revealing secret
undisputed
adj. بی چون و چرا
dispute: مشاجره - مباحثه
The unions are in dispute with management over pay
starboard
port
سمت چپ کشتی یا هواپیما
سمت راست
hull
بدنه کشتی
erode
v. فرسوده شدن
n. erosion
soil/coastal erosion
intact
adj. undamaged
sink
v. sink sank sunk
adj. sunken غرق شده
timber
چوب - تخته
obscure
v. to prevent something from being seen or heard
The sun was obscured by clouds
salvage
v. to save goods from damage or destruction, especially from a ship that has sunk
distinct
adj. مجزا - واضع
stabbing
چاقو کشی
extraterrestrial
فرا زمینی
folklore
افسانه های قدیمی
Her books are often based on folklore and fairy-tales
scrawny
adj. very skinny, often with bones showing
He had long scrawny fingers
scrawny trees
sediment
ته نشین - رسوب
researchers found pollen preserved in lake sediments
lush (laash)
adj. (of places, furniture, decoration, etc.) expensive and luxurious: a lush carpet
سرسبز : the lush green countryside
descendant
نوادگان - نسل
fragile
adj. easily damaged, broken or harmed
Be careful with that vase - it’s very fragile
interpret
v. ترجمه کردن - تفسیر کردن
She works as an interpreter in Brussels
chieftain
ریس قبیله - سردسته
assert
v. اثبات کردن - ادعا کردن
She continued to assert that she was innocent
I really must assert myself more in meetings
catastrophe
a sudden event that causes very great trouble or destruction فاجعه
The country is on the brink of a humanitarian catastrophe
extinct
adj. not now existing منقرض
Dinosaurs have been extinct for millions of years
groove
n. شیار - کانال
Cut a groove 3 cm from the top of the piece of wood
ingenious
adj. very clever and skillful مبتکر - باهوش
haphazard
adj. not having an obvious order or plan
haphazard arrangements of splashed paint on canvas
incline
v. تمایل - شیب - انحراف
We have an inclination to follow the crowd
perception
n. درک - احساس - نظر - عقیده
We have to change the public’s perception that money is being wasted
adj. perceptive
appreciate
v. قدر دانی
doodle
v. n. خط خطی کردن
I often doodle when I’m on the phone
acclaim
v. تحسین کردن - آفرین گفتن
n. acclaimed تحسین بر انگیز
renown
n. the state of being famous
a woman of great renown
ambiguous
adj. having or expressing more than one possible meaning مبهم - دو پهلو
His reply to my question was somewhat ambiguous
scrutinise
v. to examine something very carefully in order to discover information بررسی کردن
n. scrutiny: The regulations have been subject to intense scrutiny موشکافی
decipher
v. to discover the meaning of something written badly or in a difficult or hidden way
deception
n. قریب
meticulous (metikules))
با دقت very careful and with great attention to every detail: The entire project was meticulously planned
intricacy
n. دقت و پیچیدگی
adj. intricate
motif
نقش و نگار
a lot of
lots of
much
+ a lot of / much (not use lots of)
- lots of / a lot of (not use much
Neither/None
none for more that 2
use the
there is one: the sun river: the nile island groups: the maldives mountain range: the alpe seas famous building: the white house
No article
plural or uncountable nouns to talk generally
قاره - کشور - شهر - کوه - دریاچه - وعده غذایی
ساختمان ها با نام شهر: kerman airport
not use the
at home; at/to work; at night; by bus/bicycle/car/train/plane; on foot
each / every
each: with single noun and verb
every for 3 or more
each of n. not every of n. : each of students must present a lecture - every student has a book
both
p. noun p. verb
both of noun or pronoun
either/neither
s. noun s. or p. verb
none of
p. noun or pronoun s. or p. verb (single is formal)
grow
grow up
grow (plants, other things) grow up (people, cities)
study
learn
study: learn about sth through books or a course - no preposition after study: i am studding law
learn: get new knowledge or skills: ~ about, ~ from, ~ to
i learned a lot from this course
stutter
لکنت داشتن
conjecture
a guess not based on any proof
It’s not conjecture. I’m absolutely certain of it
contradict
v. state the opposite تناقض داشتن - رد کردن
Recent evidence has tended to contradict established theories on this subject
mansion
n. a very large expensive house کاخ
cellar
زیرزمین
ailment (eilment)
an illness
Treat minor ailments yourself
identical twins
fraternal twins
دو قلوهای تک تخمکی
دو تخمکی
vulnerability (vaalnerability)
n. able to be easily physically, emotionally, or mentally hurt آسیب پذیری
adj. vulnerable
heredity
وراثت
Diet and exercise can influence a person’s weight, but heredity is also a factor
dull
adj. کسل کننده - banal (معمولی و پیش پا افتاده)
a banal conversation about the weather
absurdity (abserditi)
n. مسخرگی - چرت و پرتی -
adj. absurd = ridiculous - foolish in an amusing way
realism
واقع گرایی
exertion
n. p. physical or mental effort; the act of making an effort تلاش : He needed to relax after the exertions of a busy day at work
n. s. the use of power to make sth happen زور - فشار: the exertion of authority
v. exert
all the children
all of them
not all of the children
use they
when we do not know or do not need to say if the person is male or female
I asked a student if they W,ed learning English and they said no!
perspicuous
adj. واضح - روشن - شفاف
plummet
v. to fall very quickly and suddenly:
House prices have plummeted in recent months
plunge
v. سقوط کردن
The car went out of control and plunged over the cliff
substantial
adj. قابل توجه
adj for big change
dramatic
substantial
significant
adj for small change
slight
modest
adj for no change
steady
stable
unchanged
adv for gradual change
gradually, slowly, consistently
Immerse
submerge in liquid
become deeply involved
Adjective
Number General quality Opinion Size Shape Age Color Nationality Material
bonus
پاداش
voluntary, volunteer
v-o-l-u-n-t-a-r-y-, v-o-l-u-n-t-e-e-r
definitely
Adv. without any doubt
rebellious
adj. unwilling to obey rules or accept normal standards
مخالف - سرکش : rebellious teenager
reminisce
v. to think, talk or write about a happy time in your past
We spent a happy evening reminiscing about the past
conjecture (kaanjekcher)
n. حدس و گمان
He conjectured that the population might double in ten years
dialect (daaylekt)
لهجه
a regional dialect
coherent
incoherent
adj. مربوط
نامربوط
comprehend
v. to understand something completely:
I fail to comprehend their attitude
evolution
n. تکامل
adverb order
Manner - Place - Frequency - Time - purpose
adequately
a-d-e-q-u-a-t-e-l-y
necessary
n-e-c-e-s-s-a-r-y
10 year old
When used as an adjective the correct thing to say is year old. A ten-year-old boy is sitting on the couch. When used as a verb construct it must agree with the noun in terms of quantity. The boy is sitting on the couch is 10 years old
ancient
a-n-c-i-e-n-t
scenery collocation
prospect-landscape-perspective
beautiful, breathtaking, dramatic, fantastic, glorious, impressive, magnificent, spectacular, stunning, superb, wonderful, fascinated
coastal, mountain, mountainous
overlooking
v. مشرف بودن
a restaurant overlooking the lake
precede
v. to be or go before something
lecture
l-e-c-t-u-r-e
vegetarian
v-e-g-e-t-a-r-i-a-n
junction
in the High Street at the junction with Station Road
crossing the road
on the High Street. crossing the road in front of the supermarket
crow
کلاغ
permanent
p-e-r-m-a-n-e-n-t
glitch
a small problem or fault that stops sth working successfully
occupancy
سکونت
The percentage of coastal hotel occupancy experienced the greatest peaks and troughs
Luggage
uncountable and refers to all of your bags
Put your luggage/suitcases here
each of your suitcases/ pieces of luggage
ascending
descending
صعودی
نزولی
exemption
معافیت
a tax exemption on money donated to charity
v. exempt
contradict
v. to state the opposite
n. contradiction تناقض
adj. contradictory متناقض
