IELTS 1 Flashcards
poultry
birds, such as chickens, that are bred for their eggs and meat:
Some poultry farmers keep turkeys and ducks as well as chickens
stationary store
store which sells items for writing and toys
As a result or
Therefore.
As a result and therefore link a cause with its effect or
consequence; therefore is used more often when what
comes afterwards can be proved, e.g. I’m allergic to
wheat and therefore I can’t eat bread
In particular or
Especially
In particular is a linking phrase; especially is an adverb
as well or also
Also
usually goes before the verb.
As well usually goes at the end of the clause: worry
about … as well.
In addition or Besides
besides also adds a point, but a more
important, conclusive point than the original argument,
e.g. I don’t think I’ll drive to the IELTS test center next
week. Besides, I haven’t got a car at the moment
Concluding or In conclusion
Concluding is an adjective, not a linker
adolescence
n. the time, usually between the ages of 12 and 18, when a young person is developing into an adult
bond
n. relation, connection, formal written paper for money
v. to stick together
conflict
تضاد ناسازگاری n. v. ~between ~with
instinct
adj. instinctive
adv. instinctively
do sth by ~
have ~ for
resemble
v. to look like or be like someone or something:
You resemble your mother very closely
n. resemblance
rivalry
n. rivalry with foreign companies رقابت
v. rival
sibling
n. brother or sister
temperament
n. مزاج طبع خلق و خو
ties
plural noun
the friendly feelings that people have for other people, or special connections with places
I no longer feel any ties with my home town
upbringing
n. the way in which someone is treated and educated when they are young تربیت
sheltered upbringing
My upbringing prepared me for anything
immediate family
خانواده درجه 1
maternal instinct
غریزه مادری
striking
adj. قابل توجه برجسته
She bears a striking resemblance to her mother
adopt
v. قبول کردن پذیرفتن
nurture
v. to take care of, feed and protect someone or something, especially young children or plants
n. care = rearing
endure
tolerate; continue on in spite of difficulty
determine
v. تصميم گرفتن ، مصمم شدن تعین کردن
stubborn
adj. describes someone who is determined to do what they want and refuses to do anything else سرسخت لجوج
close-knit
adj. having strong relationships with each other and taking a close, friendly interest in each other’s activities and problems.d caring and supportive
صمیمی همبسته
approachable
friendly and easy to talk to
struggle
v. n. تلاش نبرد
chaotic
adj. بی نظم آشفته
igloo
کلبه اسکیمو
recreation area
فضای سبز و تفریحگاه
pond
حوضچه. کوچکتر از دریاچه
pick up
v. to increase Sales have picked up 14% this year
v. or to go and get Whose turn is it to pick the children up after school? mindset 1 track 19
fountain
فواره
light breeze
نسیم ملایم there was a light breeze in the morning
cable car
تله کابین
recruitment
v. to persuade someone to work for a company or become a new member of an organization, especially the army
n. new member of company
pesticide
n. a chemical substance used to kill harmful insects, small animals, wild plants and other unwanted organisms:
Compare herbicide; insecticide
leaflet
n. a piece of paper which gives you information or advertises something
demolish
v. to completely destroy a building, especially in order to use the land for something else
rewarding
adj. giving a reward, worth doing با ارزش
giving a lot of pleasure. is it a rewarding job?
satisfying, rewarding or fulfilling?
Almost any experience, important or very brief, can be satisfying. Rewarding and fulfilling are used more for longer, more serious activities, such as jobs or careers. Satisfying and fulfilling are more about your personal satisfaction or happiness; rewarding is more about your sense of doing sth important and being useful to others.
right hand corner
slight
adj. small in amount or degree
adv. slightly
dramatic
adj. very sudden or noticeable, or full of action and excitement:
a dramatic change
adv. dramatically rise dramatically
pedestrian
n. a person walking rather than traveling in a vehicle
adj. without any imagination or excitement. Her latest play is more pedestrian and less ambitious than her earlier work
Bargain
v. چانه زدن
n. low price با صرفه
at bargain prices.
all in all
considering all the different parts of the situation together:
All in all, I think you’ve done very well.
روی هم رفته
Diaper
پوشک
us = nappy
shopping trolley
سبد خرید فروشگاهی
keen
n. interested
keen on doing (common). keen to do (special)
I am very keen on swimming
I am very keen to go swimming today
تعارف
COMITY/ COMPLIMENT
attitude
گرایش. طرز برخورد. حالت سلیقه
He has a very bad attitude to/towards work
There are many different attitudes towards food.
authentic
adj. real or true authentic Italian food
pronounce
pronunciation
pronouncement
repeat
adjective: repeated, repetitive, repetitious, repeatable
≠ unrepeatable
noun: repeat, repetition
adverb: repeatedly, repetitively
go down well
people like something such as a speech, performance, etc: Her speech went down well with the audience.
whereas
درحالی که، از انجاييکه ، با در نظر گرفتن اينکه، چون
book in advance
idiom: to make a reservation
utterance
آدِرِنس
n. expression, pronouncement, saying
v. utter; to say something or to make a sound with your voice:
She sat through the whole meeting without uttering a word.
eventually
adv. after a long time, or after a lot of things have happened
eventually she got a job and moved to London
fluctuate
v. to change or vary, especially continuously and between one level or thing and another نوسان کردن
publish
v. to make information available to people, especially in a book, magazine or newspaper
discourage
v. cause (someone) to lose confidence or enthusiasm (from)
incident
n. an event which is either unpleasant or unusual:
an isolated/serious/unfortunate incident اتفاق غیر عادی/غیر معمول
raise or rise
Raise must have an object, as it is a transitive verb. It is a regular verb; its three forms are raise, raised, raised:
Raise your hand if you know the answer. Our favourite restaurant has raised its prices again. It’s getting very expensive.
Rise does not take an object, as it is an intransitive verb. It is an irregular verb; its three forms are rise, rose, risen:
The sun rose at 5.30 this morning. Rents have risen sharply in this part of town.
habitat
n. the natural surroundings in which an animal or plant usually lives:
With so many areas of woodland being cut down, a lot of wildlife is losing its natural habitat.
spoil
v. to change sth good into sth bad, unpleasant, useless
The dessert will spoil if you don’t keep it in the fridge.
You’ll spoil your appetite for dinner if you have a cake now.
Past form spoilt (us) / spoiled (uk)
unspoilt place بکر و دست نخورده
irrigate
v. to supply land with water so that crops and plants will grow
n. irrigation
stagger
v. to cause someone to feel shocked or surprised because of something unexpected or very unusual happening
I was staggered at the prices.
spectacular
adj. very exciting to look at:
a spectacular view
enormous
adj. very huge
an enormous ship
aisle
n. /ail/ a passage between rows of seats in a church, theater, train, etc, or between rows of shelves in a supermarket
• an aisle seat (= in a plane)
• Coffee and tea are in the next aisle.
dwell
v. /duvel/ reside, live in, inhabit; consider for a long time - dwell time (the length of time people spend in a place)
to think or talk for too long about something, especially something unpleasant
shoplifting
n. the illegal act of taking goods from a shop without paying for them
tempt
v. to make someone want to have or do something, especially something that is unnecessary or wrong
وسوسه فریفتن
arouse
v. to cause someone to have a particular feeling which arouses people’s appetites and thus encourages them to purchase not just bread but also other food, including ready meals.
for and against the idea of
موافق و مخالف یک موضوع
age(s) - aged - age group
aged adj.
12-20 age group
take a peek at
idiom. get a quick look
peek v. زیر چشمی نگاه کردن
suburbs
n. residential area around a major city; environs حومه شهر
draw a conclusion
به نتیجه رسیدن
imitate
v. to behave in a similar way to someone or something else, or to copy the speech or behaviour تقلید کردن
n. imitation
آرامش
calmness => آرامش، متانت، ملایمت
composure => آرامش، خوددارى، تسلط بر نفس، خونسردى
tranquility => آرامش، آسودگى، آسایش خاطر، راحت
repetitious
adj. repetitive
many hours of repetitious labour
age
15 to 20 age group is …
more youngsters aged 15 to 20 ….
under/over the age of 50
between the age of 15 to 20
envy
n. v. حسادت
I had no envy of his success
I envy her ability to talk to people
literacy
n. the ability to read and write literacy rate (% of people who can read and write)
textile
n. fabric, cloth
55 Dollars
$55
gesture
n. a movement of the hands, arms or head, etc. to express an idea or feeling
maturity
n. the state of being completely grown رشد بلوغ تعالی
peer
n. همسن همتا هم درجه
clumsy
adj. moving or doing things in a careless way, especially so that you drop things دست و پا چلفتی
fond
adj. having a great liking for someone or something:
She was very fond of horses.
immature
adj. not fully formed or developed not mature
tolerate
v. تحمل کردن n. tolerance adj. tolerant
imitate
v. to behave in a similar way to someone or something else, or to copy the speech or behavior تقلید کردن
n. imitation Ten-year-olds have started wearing lipstick and make-up in imitation of the older girls.
phrases with mind
bear in mind broaden the mind have something in mind it slipped my mind keep an open mind my mind went blank put your mind at ease
shoelace
n. بند کفش
spontaneously (spantiniusly)
adv. in a natural, unforced way خود به خود
The liquid spontaneously ignited
خانه سازمانی
council flat
burglary
n. house robbery specially at night
artery
n. important road, tubes that carry blood from the heart
asset
n. valuable thing belongs to person or company
liquid asset = something that can easily be converted into cash in a short amount of time
craving
n. strong desire for sth or to do sth = begging هوس
appeal(to make a serious or formal request, especially to the public, for money or help)
She had a craving for some chocolate
He had a craving to see the world
infect
v. to spread a disease
n. infection = disease caused by bacteria or virus (throat infection)
adj. infectious = able to infect
insomnia
n. inability to sleep
nutrient
n. ماهد مغذی
nutrition = تغذیه
obesity
n. very fat
chronic
adj. continuing for a long time (disease) مزمن
brisk
adj. quick, energetic and active
Beat the eggs whites briskly until soft peaks form
acute
adj. acute angle = less than 90 <> obtuse angle
very good, accurate
an acute sense of smell
disrupt
v. to make it difficult for sth to continue in the normal way
Bus services will be disrupted tomorrow because of the bridge closure
diminish
v. to reduce importance or size
These memories will not be diminished by time
curb
v. to control or limit sth, especially sth bad
he needs to learn to curb his temper.
A range of policies have been introduced aimed at curbing inflation.
staple
n. basic food - a main or important element of something
Prices of staple foods such as wheat and vegetables have also been increasing
persistent
adj. lasting for a long time or difficult to get rid of
How do you deal with persistent salesmen who won’t take no for an answer?
counteract
v. خنثی کردن
Drinking a lot of water counteracts the dehydrating effects of hot weather
optimist
n. someone who always believes that good things will happen <> pessimist
she is an optimist
adj. optimistic
appeal
n. v. درخواست تقاضا رسمی
adj. apealing
express (adj)
clearly and intentionally stated
adv. I expressly (= clearly) told you to be home by midnight.
regret
v. feeling sad about sth bad or wrong you have done
I deeply regret what I said
ambition
n. a strong desire for success, achievement, power or wealth: His ambition is ultimately to run his own business.
refreshments
پذیرایی بین ساعت کلاس یا دوره
thrilled
adj. very excited and pleased
I was thrilled to be invited
fizzy drink
نوشیدنی گازدار
ethical
adj. اخلاقی
prosperity
n. the state of being successful and having a lot of money
the state of being prosperous موفقیت
Ethnicity
n. قومیت
“Race” is usually associated with biology and linked with physical characteristics such as skin color or hair texture. “Ethnicity” is linked with cultural expression and identification. However, both are social constructs used to categorize and characterize seemingly distinct populations.
less or fewer
fewer (countable) less (uncountable)
If fewer people used disposable water bottles, there would be less plastic in landfills.
5 items or less !!! (exception)
over or above
over:
thing touch each other (blanket over her, Pour some cream over the tart)
numbers (weigh over 100 kilograms)
above:
temperatures (above zero, above 30 degree)
higher level (above see level)
contemporary
adj. معاصر هم دوره
<> traditional or historical
cuisine
n. a style of cooking - food
pupil
n. student
texture
n. the quality of something that can be decided by touch بافت
broth
آب گوشت یا مرغ
despise
v. to feel a strong dislike for someone or something because you think they are bad or worthless
coward
n. a person who is not brave or who does not have the courage to do things آدم ترسو نامرد
neutral
adj. n. خنثی بی طرف دنده خلاص
queue
n. v. to stand in a line. in a queue
controversy
n. a lot of disagreement or argument about something
outweigh
v. be greater or more important. do advantages outweigh drawbacks
outline
v. to give the main facts about something
as I will outline in this essay
department store vs. shopping center
A department store is just a large store (often belonging to a store chain) with many departments, selling many types of goods. A shopping center is a large complex containing many stores
plain
adj. ساده
litter
v. آشغال ریختن
n. آشغال روی زمین برانکارد
The park was littered with bottles and cans after the concert
bowling alley
n. سالن بولینگ
Malls have cinemas, bowling alleys, restaurants.
merchandise
n. goods that are bought and sold
shopping center (shopping mall) vs. mall Department store
Shopping centers are large enclosed spaces. However, a mall does not necessarily have to be an enclosed space; it can be a shopping mall, strip mall or a pedestrian street
instead of will
be likely to
be predicted to
be estimated to
be certain to
خاطر انگیز
adj. memorable, remarkable(قابل توجه), notable(قابل توجه)
It was a truly memorable experience
than one memorable evening
respectively
adv. به ترتیب
According to the table, people use the Internet most for paying bills and banking, at 63 and 62 per cent respectively
straightforward
adj. easy to understand or simple
a straightforward process
It’s quite straightforward to get here
tip
v. سرازیر شدن ریختن خالی کردن انعام دادن
The table tipped and all our drinks fell on the floor
When the waste truck arrives at the plant, the waste is tipped into a bunker where it can be stored
exhibit
v. to show something publicly:
In the summer the academy will exhibit several prints which are rarely seen.
n. exhibition نمایشگاه
mop
تی
broom
جارو دسته دار
engrave
v. cut picture or word on the surface of wood or stone or metal حکاکی
n. engraving n. engraver
prey
n. شکار قربانی
exploit
v. استعمار کردن بهره برداری کردن
n. رفتار کردار کار برجسته
probable
adj. likely to be true or happen
n. probability
nocturnal
adj. formal happening in the night
dominate
v. to have control over place or person تسلط داشتن - حکم فرما بودن
Arsenal dominated the first half of the match
extinction
n. انقراض
adj. extinct
extinction of dinosaurs
substantial
adj. large in size or importance مهم قابل توجه
The findings show a substantial difference between the opinions of men and women
obstruct
v. to block road or entrance بستن مانع شدن
After the earthquake many roads were obstructed
lawn
n. محوطه چمن
mow
v. کوتاه کردن چمن
Will you mow the lawn at the weekend?
lantern
n. فانوس
She carried a lantern to light her way
firefly
کرم شب تاب
prohibited
adj. outlawed, forbidden by law; banned منع شده ممنوع
smoking in prohibited in flight
prohibitive: so high that it prevents people from buying sth or doing sth (price or cost)
prohibitive amount of energy to to produce light
immense
/ɪˈments/ adj. extremely large in size or degree
immense wealth
She’s an immensely talented young athlete
uncanny
adj. strange or mysterious; difficult or impossible to explain عجیب غریب - خارق العاده
She had an uncanny knack or ability
an uncanny resemblance
phantom
n. شبح-خیالی
limb
n. شاخه-دست و پا یا عضو بدن
v. قطع کردن عضو
stroll
v. قدم زدن پرسه زدن
entwine
v. به هم پیچیدن
lovers with their arms entwined
manipulate
v. to control sth with hand: ~ wheelchair
دستکاری کردن - با مهارت انجام دادن - اداره کردن
to push back bones into correct position جا انداختن
to control something or someone to your advantage, often unfairly or dishonestly: ~ water resources
sophisticated
adj. پیچیده - فریبنده - پیشرفته - ماهر خبره
~ engineering effort
incredibly sophisticated computers
aqueduct
n. /ˈæk.wɪ.dʌkt/ قنات - کانال آب
sewer
n. /ˈsuː.ɚ/ مجرای فاضلاب
monument
adj. یادگار- تاریخی - ماندگار - بزرگ very important and having a great influence, especially as the result of years of work
~ engineering project
n. مقبره - بنای یادبود
irrigation
v. آبیاری
inferior
adj. n. not good as درجه دو- نامرغوب
opp: superior
inferior good-His later work was vastly inferior to his early work
reiterate
v. to say something again, once or several times
the report ~ed …
jeopardise
v. put at risk of harm or danger /’dʒɛpədʌɪz/
She knew that by failing her exams she could jeopardize her whole future
compensate
v. جبران کردن تلافی کردن پاداش (غرامت) دادن
We were late and I was driving fast to compensate
She received £40 000 in compensation for a lost eye
withdraw
v. عقب نشینی کردن - برداشت کردن (پول یا ذخایز زیر زمینی)
The UN has withdrawn its troops from the country
n. withdrawal
outset
n. at/from the outset at or from the beginning of an event or process
nevertheless
با این حال -با این وجود - هنوز
soar
v. to rise up: House prices had soared a further twenty per cent
adj. soaring
tenfold
ده برابر
Burglaries have increased tenfold
conserve
v. to keep and protect something from damage, change or waste
The nationalists are very keen to conserve their customs and language
inflation
تورم
psyche
n. /ˈsaɪ.ki/ the mind, or the deepest thoughts, feelings or beliefs of a person or group روح و روان
radical
adj. اساسی بنیادی
perceive
v. درک کردن ، مشاهده کردن
I perceived a note of unhappiness in her voice
The patient was perceived to have difficulty in breathing
periphery
n. دور محیط پیرامون
The ring road runs around the periphery of the city center
adj. peripheral adv. peripherally: perceived peripherally
set out to
v. to start an activity with a particular aim
auditorium
تالار سخنرانی
elusive
adj. difficult to remember or find گریزان - فرار
curriculum
the group of subjects studied in a school, college, etc برنامه آموزشی
nod
v. تكاندادن سر بعلامت توافق، سرتكان دادن،باسراشاره‌كردن، تكان سر
amuse
v. سرگرم کردن - تفریح کردن to make sb laugh or smile
My funny drawings amused the kids
solemnly
adv. seriously and formally
preliminary
adj. ابتدایی
devote sth to sth/sb
to give all of something, especially your time, effort or love, or yourself, to something you believe in or to a person: He left government to devote more time to his family
bon appetit
نوش جان
designate
v. to choose someone officially to do a particular job
to state officially that a place or thing has a particular character or purpose:This area of the park has been specially designated for children
fame
n. مشهور
adj. famed famous
There is one famous island called X, famed for its crystal clear water and white sands
bum
v. loiter: معطل کردن Come straight home and don’t loiter
mope about: Instead of moping around the house all day, you should be out there looking for a job (feel sorry for yourself)
n. bumming
attire
n. formal clothes /əˈtaɪr/
I hardly think jeans are appropriate attire for a wedding
so I always put on my best attire
sloppy
adj. در هم و بر هم (work)
شلخته (clothes)
His written reports are incredibly sloppy
Ann was dressed in a sloppy brown sweater
tact
n. نزاکت - درایت - سلیقه
The incident should have been handled with more tact by the police
taking pride in
be proud of
hesitate
v. to pause before you do or say something, often because you are uncertain or nervous about it
n. hesitation
adj. hesitant
make up
put on make up
shade of make up
آشتی کردن Why don’t you two kiss and make up?
Has he made it up with her yet?
blink an eye
I wouldn’t even blink an eye = don’t pay attention
in a blink of an eye = very quickly
opt
v. to make a choice, especially for one thing or possibility in preference to any others: Mike opted for early retirement
I would opt for buying a gift card instead
odor
n. smell especially one that is unpleasant
I sweat a lot, I tend to (usually) have a strong
odor
scent
n. /sent/ a pleasant natural smell: the scent of roses
the delicate fragrance of roses
reputation
n. شهرا اعتبار
your science faculty has a good reputation
prospectus
n. a document giving details of a college, school or business and its activities
i have read your prospectus
The number of women to have accessed the Internet ……………………………… (rise) each year
has risen
provisional
adj. موقت مشروط
a provisional government
commence
v. start begin
convenience food
We eat too little fresh food, relying instead on convenience foods
irritable
adj. بد اخلاق - زود رنج
he is tired and irritable
crucial
adj. critical, essential
The Internet is crucial to modern life
cosmetic
adj. آرایشی تزئینی
cosmetics لوازم آرایشی
cosmetic surgery
discourage
opp encourage to prevent, deter
to prevent or try to prevent something happening or someone doing something
discourage people from smoking
دست پخت
Her cooking is wonderful.
I miss my mother’s good home cooking
fundamentally
adv. اساسا بینیادی
literature
He has a degree in English Literature
knack
a special skill or ability that you have naturally or can learn
~ of/for (doing) sth He’s got a real knack for making money
i have a knack for
prospect
a good view of a large land area or of a city
acquainted
آشنا Employees should be fully acquainted with emergency procedures
appliance
وسیله
intensify
v. تشدید کردن تقویت کردن فزایش دادن
adj intense adv intensely
n. intensifier intensity
incentivise
v. تحریک کردن
n. incentive
arctic
antarctic
قطب شمال
قطب جنوب
expedition
n. سفر - سرعت
v. expedite
continent
قاره
treaty
n. a written agreement between two or more countries formally approved and signed by their leaders:
a peace treaty
typhoon
n. طوفان - گردباد (در دریای چین)
elevate
v. FORMAL to raise something or lift something up
adj. elevated
topple
v. واژگون شدن
The tree toppled and fell
The huge pile of books toppled over
devastate
v. to destroy completely ویران کردن
adj. devastated - devastating(making someone very shocked and upset): devastating news
Magnificent
adj. very good, beautiful or deserving to be admired:
a magnificent view
a magnificent piece of writing
unscathed
adj. not hurt صدمه ندیده
The children escaped unscathed
scholar
n. a person who studies a subject in great detail, especially at a university پژوهشگر
peg
wedge
تیغه چوبی
گووه چوبی
storey
n. طبقه p. storeys (us story p. stories)
5 storey building
With 163 storeys, the Burj Khalifa in Dubai is the tallest building in the world
eaves
pn. the edges of a roof that stick out beyond the walls:
Birds had nested under the eaves
resilient
adj. able to quickly return to a previous good condition:
This rubber ball is very resilient and immediately springs back into shape قابلیت ارتجاعی
trunk
n. تنه
pillar
پایه - ستون
Two white marble pillars stood on either side of the entrance
persuade
v. ترقیب کردن - وادار کردن
to make someone do or believe something by giving them a good reason to do it or by talking to them and making them believe it
n. persuasion
sway
v. to move slowly from side to side:
The trees were swaying in the wind
- to persuade someone to believe or do one thing rather than another: Her speech failed to sway her colleagues into supporting the plan
startling
adj. surprising and sometimes worrying:
startling results عجیب - عجیب غریب
stationary
adj. not moving, or not changing
enormous stationary pendulum
craftsman
استادکار - هنرمند - سازنده
apparently
adv. ظاهراً
Apparently it’s going to rain today
slither
v. لغزیدن - خزیدن
She watched the snake slither away
to and fro
جلو و عقب رفتن
stack
n. a pile of things arranged one on top of another: a stack of books - stacks of money
v. to arrange things in an ordered pile: stacking chairs
Hear, see, watch etc. + object + infinitive or -ing
We watched them running back and forth
I watched the woman come out of the house and get into a car
constrain
v. to control and limit something
n. constraint
The company said that it was constrained to raise prices
taper
v. to become gradually narrower towards one end باریک شدن - مخروطی
The vase is wide at the base and tapered at the top
counterpart
n. a person or thing which has the same purpose as another one in a different place همتا شریک
The Foreign Minister held talks with his Chinese counterpart
enervate
v. cause to feel drained of energy سستی بی حالی ناتوانی
the enervation of soil
welfare
رفا آسایش
a social welfare program
pesticide
chemical mixture used to kill pests and insects
rearing
the process of caring for children as they grow up = nurture
the process of breeding animals or birds and caring for them as they grow
livestock rearing
colossal
adj. extremely large
hedgerow
ردیف بوته ها و درختان کوتاه کنار جاده - پرچین
algae
خزه
quantify
v. to measure or judge the size or amount of something
staggering
adj. very shocking and surprising
v. stagger
arable
adj. suitable for farming
arable land زمین زراعی
pasture
چراگاه /ˈpæs.tʃɚ/ grazing
high mountain pastures
cattle
گله گاو
beef/dairy cattle
over the counter
خارج از بورس فروخته شده
داروی بدون نسخه
feasible
شدنی قابل انجام
diverse
adj. varied or different متضاد ،مخالف ، گوناگون ، مختلف
My interests are very diverse
thrive (on)
v. to grow, develop or be successful
a thriving company, business etc is very successful
a thriving tourist industry
viable
adj. able to work as intended or able to succeed
able to continue to exist as or develop into a living being
قابل انجام - قابل بقا
I am afraid your plan is not financially viable
commitment
n. الزام - تعهد
implement
v. to put a plan or system into operation:
The changes to the national health system will be implemented next year
arduous
adj. involving a lot of effort and energy طاقت فرسا - دشوار
an arduous journey across the road
footbridges
پل نفر رو
wheelbarrow
/-ˌber.oʊ/ فرقان
poverty
فقر
breed
پرورش حیوانات - تولید مثل
His main income comes from breeding cattle
criticize
v. نقد کردن uk criticise
spark
n. جرقه
v. sparkle
glitter
v. برق زدن -تلالو
n. برق - تابش
cognition
ادراک
repel
v. مقابله کردن - رفع کردن
to repel an attack/invasion/invader
propagate
v. to produce a new plant from a parent plant تکثیر کردن
/ˈprɑː.pə-/
fungus
n. /ˈfʌŋ.gəs/
p. fungi or funguses قارچ
aphid
شته
incessant
adj. never stopping, especially in an annoying or unpleasant way: to talk incessantly
ceaselessly
adv. continuous
cultivate
v. to prepare land and grow crops on it
- ترویج دادن
domesticate
/dəˈmes.tɪ.keɪt/ رام کردن اهلی کردن
v. to bring animals or plants under human control
swap
v. exchange one thing for another, trade, barter
strain
نژاد an animal or plant from a particular group whose characteristics are different
v. صاف کردن
strainer صافی
intricate
adj. having a lot of small parts or details that are arranged in a complicated way پیچیده و با جزئیات زیاد
I enjoyed the film, but I couldn’t follow all the intricacies
forage
n. to go from place to place searching, especially for food: a foraging trip
bearing
n. position
precaution
احتیاط - پیشگیری
deduce
v. to reach an answer or a decision
adj. deductible
n. deduction
be descended from
be a blood relative of (an ancestor).
three groups appear to be descended from the same ancestral
molar
دندان آسیایی
credence
belief in sth as true اعتقاد باور اعتماد
They could give no credence to the findings of the survey
frontier
خط مرزی
heritage
میراث
condemn
/kənˈdem/ محکوم کردن
The terrorist action has been condemned
unrivalled
adj. بی رقیب - بی نظیر
transcend
v. to go beyond, rise above or be more important or better than something برتری یافتن - بالا بودن
The underlying message of the film is that love transcends everything else
culprit
accused متهم
suspect مظنون
undoubtedly
not questioned or doubted
preferential
adj. ترجیحی
a preferential research program on mountain forests
fond of (grow fond of)
feeling affection for sb. sth. over long time
Over the years, I have grown quite fond of her
i am fond of reading, i am not keen on reading
lurk (lerk)
کمین کردن
lurking behind the curtain
apprehensive
adj. feeling anxious about something that you are going to do نگران
I’m a bit apprehensive about tomorrow’s meeting
dooryard
backyard
حیاط جلویی
حیاط پشتی
condominium
condo
مجتمع آپارتمان
With a condo, individual entities own the units, whereas with apartments, all the units in the building are owned by one entity.
Single family (detached) house
خانه ویلایی
me-time
time for one’s self alone
chill out
relax
I’m just chilling out in front of the TV.
do the cooking
At home, on weekends, I do the cooking
generosity
n. بخشش سخاوت
adj .generous a ~ pay increase
modest
adj. باحيا، افتاده، فروتن، محقر
He’s very modest about his achievements
They live in a fairly modest house, considering their wealth
humble
adj. متواضع، محقر،
v. فروتنی کردن، شکسته نفسی کردن
my humble house
brag (about)
v. تعریف کردن، فخر فروشی
She’s always bragging about how much money she earns
bond
n. a close connection joining two or more people
In societies with strong family bonds
refurbish
v. to clean and decorate a room, building
You will gain much more independence and freedom
to refurbish the place as you please
renovate
v. to repair and improve something, especially a building: He renovates old houses and sells them at a profit
extensively
adv. بطور ممتد ، در همه جا
i travel extensively
Once in a blue moon
very rarely
stickler
n. سخت گیر
I am a stickler (serious) about time
prioritize
decide what is most important
sledge
غلطک - سورتمه
peruse
v. به دقت خواندن
posture
ايستادن يا قرار گرفتن
Good posture is essential when working at the computer
odd
adj. 1-strange: They’re very odd people
2-not regular: He makes the odd mistake
3- not matching: You’re wearing odd socks!
fascinated
adj. extremely interested
They were absolutely fascinated by the game
adj. fascinating : a ~ prospect
pulley
قرقره
apex
نقطه اوج - قله
apex of pyramid
stun
v. to shock or surprise someone very much
She was stunned by the amount of support she received
adj. stunning: extremely beautiful or attractive
the stunning landscape of this island
reckon
v. حساب کردن - روی چیزی حساب کردن - انتظار داشتن
We reckon to finish by ten
They reckon (that) their profits are down by at least 20%
Consistent
adj. مستحکم - سازگار - استوار
a pattern of consistent growth in the economy
She’s not very consistent in the way she treats
archipelago (aarkipelego)
مجمع الجزایر
a volcanic archipelago in north atlantic
lay
v. گذاشتن - خواباندن -
lay a table (چیدن میز برای غذا)
nutrient
n. ماده مغذی
a lack of essential nutrients
bounty
n. بخشش - سخاوت
the bounties of nature
nourish
v. غذا دادن
n. nourishment
abundant
adj. more than enough : an abundant supply of food
n. abundance : We had wine in abundance
sheer
adj. بزرگ - زیاد : the sheer abundance of food
- نازک : sheer nylon
- شیب : sheer cliffs/slopes
flourish
v. پیشرفت کردن - رشد کردن
The arts began to flourish at that time
declare
v. to announce something clearly, firmly, publicly
onset
n. the beginning of something unpleasant
the onset of winter
constitution
n. laws of state or organization قوانین (قانون اساسی)
The Constitution of the United States
- the general state of someone’s health : to have a healthy/strong/weak constitution
- تشکیل و تاسیس : constitution of a review committee
mandate (mandait)
v. command, order
sustain (sestain)
v. تحمل کردن : ~ weight
- نگه داشتن - ادامه دار بودن : sustainable energy
- صدمه دیدن : to sustain damage/an injury/a defeat
The company sustained losses of millions of dollars
excess
n. اضافی adj. Excessive exercise can sometimes cause health problems
contend
v. to state something is true or is a fact ادعا کردن
- to compete : He’s contending against someone with twice his experience
grant
v. پذیرفتن، اعطا کردن
He was granted a licence to mine in the area
plausible
adj. قابل قبول believable
His answer was plausible enough
burst
v. ترکیدن - منفجر شدن
That balloon will burst if you blow it up any more
disrupt
v. disturb, interrupt
I’m not going to let him disrupt my life any longer
intrusion
n. دخالت - بدون اجازه وارد شدن
This is a governmental intrusion on the freedom of the press
distract
v. حواس پرت کردن
He tried to distract attention from his own illegal activities
distractibility حواسپرتی
congestion
تراکم ازدحام
traffic congestion and pollution
abolish
v. منسوخ شدن
Zoos are inhumane and should be abolished
dinosaur
d-i-n-o-s-a-u-r
brochure
b-r-o-c-h-u-r-e
legend
افسانه myth
شرح علائم نقشه
census (senses)
سرشماره
conduct a census
chronicle (kranikle)
شرح وقایع - تاریخچه
a chronicle of the French Revolution
advent
v. the arrival of an event ظهور
Before the advent of the railways
communal
adj. shared by, or for the use of, a number of people
a communal kitchen/garden
regulate
v. تنظیم کردن - کنترل کردن
n. regulation مقررات
succeed
v. موفق شدن
- to come after another person or thing in time
adj. This was their fourth successive win
in succession happening one after another
solar
lunar
شمسی
قمری
commute
v. travel back and forth regularly : She commutes from Oxford to London every day
- convert ( especially punishment)
devote
v. اختصاص دادن - وقف کردن
He devoted all his attention to his mother.
I could only devote two hours a day to work on the project
let
اجاره دادن
the minimum let is 6 months
reluctant (rilaaktent)
n. بی میل an unwillingness to do something
Students may feel reluctant to ask questions
lodging
n. اقامتگاه
It was cheaper to live in lodgings than in a hotel
statue
مجسمه sculpture
Acquisition
به دست آوردن، تملک، اکتساب، فرا گرفتن
second language acquisition
indigenous
بومی طبیعی ذاتی
the indigenous peoples/languages of the area
overwhelm
غوطه ور - شکست دادن V.
غرق لذت overwhelm with joy
fiction
تخیل
fictional adj.
dominate
v. تسلط داشتن - حکم فرما بودن - چیره شدن
to have control over a place or a person, or to be the most important person or thing: He refuses to let others speak and dominates every meeting Hollywood has dominated the world film market
consequence
n. پی آمد - نتیجه
adj .Consequent Our use of harmful chemicals and the consequent damage to the environment is a very serious matter
inevitable
adj. can not be avoided اجتناب ناپذبر
legacy
ارث - میراث inheritance
a situation that exists now because of events, actions, etc. that took place in the past
The problems were made worse by the legacy of centuries of neglect
lease
اجاره کردن اجاره دادن They lease the land from a local farmer
a new lease of life
when you become more energetic and active than before:
His grandchildren have given him a new lease of life.
2 an increase in the period for which something can be used or continued: The project suddenly got a new lease of life when the developers agreed to provide some more funding.
wear off
If a feeling or the effect of something wears off, it gradually disappears
پاک شدن - کم شدن - تحلیل رفتن
once this novelty had worn off, cinema would fade away
The effects of the drug will soon wear off
fairground
an outdoor area where a fair with entertainments is held
محل برگزاری نمایش یا سیرک
adverse
adj. having a negative or harmful effect on something
The match has been cancelled due to adverse weather conditions
Lack of money will have an adverse effect on our research program
optimism
خوش بین
The opposite is pessimism
adj. having a negative or harmful effect on something
She is optimistic about her chances of winning a gold medal
entice /ɪnˈtaɪs/
v. to persuade someone to do something by offering them something pleasant ترقیب شدن جلب شدن
The adverts entice the customer into buying things they don’t really want
adj. enticing جلب کننده - جذاب an enticing job offer
prone
adj. دمر خوابیدن (رسمی) - در معرض ، متمايل ، مستعد
Tired drivers are prone to accidents
moral-morale
moral اخلاق morale روحیه
A couple of victories would improve the team’s morale enormously.
There have been a lot of recent redundancies so morale is fairly low
redundant
adj. no longer needed or useful اضافی زائد
no longer employed because there is no more work available مازاد (نیروی کار)
To keep the company alive, half the workforce is being made redundant
n. redundancy
abundant
adj. more than enough فراوان
an abundant supply of food
n. abundance: There is an abundance of evidence to support …
affiliation
n. relation with, connected to وابستگی
v. affiliate to be a part of larger company
a college affiliated to the University of London
Incongruous
adj. unusual or different to the surrounding- strange نامانوس نا هماهنگ عجیب غریب
perceive
v. درک کردن ملاحضه کردن Bill perceived a tiny figure in the distance.
n. perception I perceived a note of unhappiness in her voice
appraise
v. ارزیابی کردن - تخمین زدن
reinforcement
n. تقویت - کمک - پاداش
allocate
v. تخصیص دادن - تقسیم کردن The government is allocating £10 million for health education
contingent on
adj. depend on
Our success is contingent upon your support
attain
v. to achieve
He has attained the highest grade in his music exams
remuneration
n. formal pay someone for work or services: They demanded adequate remuneration for their work
v. remunerate
adj. remunerative a highly remunerative (= well paid) job
lump
n. قلنبه - تیکه درشت
lump sum = total sum
lump sum payment = payment of one large sum of money at one time
clerical
a clerical job (= a job performing general office duties).
vigor
n. strength, energy or enthusiasm
They set about their work with youthful vigor and enthusiasm
vulnerability
n. آسیب پذیری
the vulnerability of newborn babies to disease
infirmity
n. ناتوانی - ضعف
the infirmities of old age
intervene
v. مداخله کردن
n. intervention
longevity
n. طول عمر
lifespan
prolong
v. extend - make longer
mimic
v. تقلید کردن imitate
prescribe
v. نسخه نوشتن
n. prescription
attend
n. attendance attention
adj. attentive همراه همراهی مراقبت کردن حضور داشتن (کلاس)
adj. attendant
Prospect
n. چشم انداز - منظره: From the restaurant there was a marvellous prospect of countryside beyond
v. search for gold
n. the idea of something that will or might happen in the future: I’m very excited at the prospect of seeing her again
n. a person who might be chosen - مشتری احتمالی
n. the chances of being successful - امید - انتظار: What are the prospects of promotion in this job?
criticize
v. انتقاد کردن - مورد انتقاد قرار گرفتن The government is being widely criticized in the press
aggravate
v. اذیت کردن annoy Stop aggravating me, will you!
adj. aggravating: I find him really aggravating
n. aggravation سختی: I’ve been getting a lot of aggravation at work recently
escalate
v. make worse, aggravate; raise, increase
extravagance
n. زیاده روی adj. extravagant = spending, using or doing more than necessary in an uncontrolled way
inundate (inedeit)
v. غرق شدن - کار یا درخواست زیاد
We have been inundated with requests for help
emblazoned
v. if something is emblazoned with a name, design etc, it has that design on it where it can easily be seen تزیین شدن a doctor write with a pen that Is emblazoned with a drug’s name
literate
adj. able to read and write opp is illiterate
crusade
n. a long and determined attempt to achieve something
a National Literacy Crusade
nourish
v. feed; support; nurture
curriculum
study program and courses offered by a school
implication
n. a possible effect or result of an action or a decision: They failed to consider the wider implications of their actions
نتیجه - اثر
hygiene
بهداشت
pay off
نتیجه - تسویه کامل
notorious
adj. famous for something bad - بدنام The company is notorious for paying its bills late.
bully
v.n. a person who uses their strength or power to frighten or hurt weaker people قلدری زور گویی the school bully
taunt
v. n. to annoy sb by laughing at مسخره کردن tease-mock Some of the girls taunted her about her weight
shove
v. push هل دادن
recalcitrant
adj. unwilling to obey orders or to do what should be done, or (of an animal) refusing to be controlled لجوج سرسخت
convict
v. محکوم کردن
There wasn’t enough evidence to convict her
refrain
v. to avoid doing sth We refrained from talking until we knew that it was safe
explicit
adj. clear and exact
Pupil
محصل
assertiveness training
آموزش اعتماد به نفس (جرات)
assertive
adj. با جرات
liable
adj. likely to happen
pupils who are liable to be victims
confront
v. stand face to face روبرو شدن - مواجه شدن without confronting them directly
frustrate
v. to prevent the plans or efforts of someone or something from being achieved
her frustrated love for him
ناکام کردن - خنثی کردم - محروم کردن - عقیم کردن
identical
exactly the same, or very similar
identical twines
appealing
adj. attractive or interesting
esthetically
adv. concerned with beauty
yucky
adj. disgusting or very unpleasant
yucky food
itinerary (aitenerary)
سفرنامه
prone to
easily get
I’m prone to (easily get) colds and coughs
a tad
a little bit, a small amount
As I was a tad nervous
eerie
adj. strange in a frightening
the forest was eerie
avid
adj. extremely eager or interested
I’m an avid (experienced) traveler
prominent
adj. important or well known برجسته
a prominent politician
lethargic
lacking in energyبی حال
The weather made her lethargic
surrender (serender)
v. n. تسلیم
They would rather die than surrender
equator
خط استوار
waxing
waning
بزرگ و کوچک شدن ماه
conspicuous
انگشت نما - توی چشم - واضح
In China, her blonde hair was conspicuous
municipal
adj . belonging to a town or city
n. municipality شهرداری
The municipality provides services such as electricity, water and rubbish collection
span (n)
the period of time that sometimes exists
I worked with him over a span of six years
دهنه : The bridge crosses the river in a single span
the width of sth from one side to the other
The kite has a span of 1.5 meters
span (v)
to last all through a period of time: His acting career spanned 55 years
include a large area or a lot of things: The operation, which spanned nine countries
to stretch right across sth, from one side to the other: A series of bridges span the river
disseminate
v. to spread information, knowledge, etc. so that it reaches many people
Their findings have been widely disseminated
supersede (supersid)
to replace something, especially something older
The theory has been superseded by more recent research
devise
v. plan, invent
By the 16th century, a pendulum clock had been devised
rudimentary (roodimentari)
adj. basic - initial
They were given only rudimentary training in the job
in the vicinity of
near approximately
There is no hospital in the immediate vicinity
beacon
warning light; lighthouse
fortunate
adj. lucky
You’re very fortunate to have found such a lovely house
fortuitous (for-tu-i-tes)
happening by chance, especially in a way that has a good result
meteorological
relating to weather conditions
possess
v. to have or own something
this is the only suitcase I possess
(used in negative sentences and questions) to make sb do sth that seems strange or unreasonable
What possessed him to say such a thing?
sense of humor
شوخ طبعی
stem
v. arise, come from, originate
n. تنه - ساقه
prop
n. پایه - تکیه گاه
v. پشتیبانی کردن - نگه داشتن
encompass
v. to include, especially a variety of things
The group encompasses all ages
deride
v. مسخره کردن
n. derision تمسخر They treated his suggestion with derision
sceptical
adj. doubtful
I’m extremely sceptical about what I read in the press
n. sceptic
rigorous
adj. سخت گیرانه
rigorous testing/checking/methods
compel
v. to force someone to do something
adj. compelling قانع کننده
olfaction
n. sense of smell
impair
v. آسیب دیدن - معیوب شدن
She suffers from impaired vision/hearing
intimate
adj. 1. صمیمی: intimate friends/restaurant
2. خصوصی: intimate parts of her body
3. intimate knowledge of (expert and detailed): his intimate knowledge of the coal industry
v. to let sb know what you think or mean in an indirect way: He intimated politely that we were not welcome
voluntarily
adv.
adj. voluntary
