Ieb2 Flashcards
What is molêre massa?
Die massa in gram van een mol van daardie stof.
Define ‘n oplossing.
‘n Homogene mengsel van opgeloste stof en oplosmiddel.
What is the role of die opgeloste stof in ‘n oplossing?
Die stof wat in die oplossing opgelos word.
What is die oplosmiddel?
Die stof waarin ‘n ander stof opgelos word.
What does molêre konsentrasie refer to?
Die hoeveelheid mol per oplosmiddel per eenheid volume van die vloeistof.
What is % opbrengs?
Die werklike hoeveelheid produk teen die teoretiese hoeveelheid produk vergelyk, as ‘n persentasie uitgedruk.
Define ‘n intramolekulêre binding.
‘n Binding wat tussen atome binne molekules voorkom.
What is ‘n intermolekulêre krag?
Aantrekkingskrag tussen molekules of tussen atome van edelgasse.
What characterizes ‘n kovalente binding?
Die deling van ten minste een paar elektrone deur twee atome.
What is ‘n ioniese binding?
Oordrag van elektrone om katione en anione te vorm.
Define metalbinding.
Aantrekking tussen positiewe kerne en ‘n see van gedelokaliseerde elektrone.
What does elektronegatiwiteit measure?
Die neiging van ‘n atoom om ‘n bindingspaar elektrone aan te trek.
What are organiese molekules?
Molekules wat koolstofatome bevat, met sekere uitsonderings.
Define koolwaterstof.
‘n Verbinding wat slegs koolstof- en waterstofatome bevat.
What is ‘n homoloë reeks?
‘n Reeks van soortgelyke verbindings met dieselfde funksionele groep.
What characterizes ‘n versadigde verbinding?
Alle bindings tussen koolstofatome is enkelbindings.
Define ‘n onversadigde verbinding.
‘n Verbinding met ten minste een dubbel en/of driedubbele binding.
What is ‘n funksionele groep?
‘n Atoom of ‘n groep atome wat die middelpunt vorm van chemiese aktiwiteit.
Define strukturele isomere.
Verbindings met dieselfde molekulêre formule maar verskillende struktuurformules.
What is reaksiewarmte (AH)?
Die netto verandering in die potensile energie van die sisteem.
True or False: Eksotermiese reaksies verander potensile energie in termiese energie.
True
True or False: Endotermiese reaksies verander termiese energie in chemiese potensiële energie.
True
What is aktiveringsenergie?
Die minimum energie benodig om ‘n chemiese reaksie te begin.
Define geaktiveerde kompleks.
‘n Hoë-energie, onstabiele, tydelike organgstoestand tussen die reaktante en die produkte.
What does reaksietempo measure?
Die verandering in aantal of konsentrasie per eenheid tyd van ‘n reaktant of produk.
What is ‘n katalisator?
‘n Stof wat die tempo van die reaksie verhoog, maar onveranderd bly.
Define ‘n geslote sisteem in chemie.
Een waarin massa binne ‘n sisteem behou word, maar energie vrylik kan binnegaan of verlaat.
What characterizes ‘n oop sisteem in chemie?
Energie en materie kan tussen die sisteem en sy omgewing uitgeruil word.
What does Le Châtelier’s principle state?
When an external stress (change in pressure, temperature, or concentration) is applied to a system in dynamic chemical equilibrium, the equilibrium point will shift to counteract the stress.
According to the Lowry-Bronsted model, how is an acid defined?
An acid is defined as a proton donor.
According to the Lowry-Bronsted model, how is a base defined?
A base is defined as a proton acceptor.
What is ionization?
The reaction of a molecular substance with water to produce ions.
Define a strong acid.
An acid that almost completely ionizes in an aqueous solution.
Define a weak acid.
An acid that only partially ionizes in an aqueous solution.
What are polyprotic acids?
Acids that can donate more than one proton.
What is dissociation?
The splitting of an ionic compound into its ions.
Define a strong base.
A base that almost completely dissociates in an aqueous solution.
Define a weak base.
A base that only partially dissociates/ionizes in an aqueous solution.
What is an amphoteric substance?
A substance that can act as either an acid or a base.
What is neutralization?
A chemical reaction where an acid and a base react to form a solution with no excess of either.
What is the equivalence point in a titration?
The point where no reactant is in excess.
What is the endpoint in a titration?
The point where the indicator changes color.
What is a salt?
A substance in which the hydrogen of an acid is replaced by a cation.
What is hydrolysis of a salt?
A reaction of an ion (from a salt) with water.
What is a standard solution?
A solution with a known concentration.
What is a redox reaction?
A reaction that involves the transfer of electrons.
Define oxidation.
The loss of electrons.
Define reduction.
The gain of electrons.
What is an oxidizing agent?
A substance that receives electrons.
What is a reducing agent?
A substance that donates electrons.
Where does oxidation occur in an electrochemical cell?
At the anode.
Where does reduction occur in an electrochemical cell?
At the cathode.
What is an electrolyte?
A substance that can conduct electricity due to the presence of free (mobile) ions when melted or dissolved in solution.
What is a galvanic cell?
An electrochemical cell that converts the chemical energy of spontaneous redox reactions into electrical energy.
What is an electrolytic cell?
An electrochemical cell that uses electrical energy to cause a non-spontaneous redox reaction.
