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Physics Flash Cards > ieb chem definitions > Flashcards

ieb chem definitions Flashcards

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1
Q

ionisation

A

the reaction of a molecular substance with water to produce ions

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2
Q

oxidising agent

A

a substance that accepts electrons
(is reduced)

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3
Q

reducing agent

A

a substance that donates electrons
(is oxidised)

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4
Q

salt

A

a substance in which the hydrogen of an acid has been replaced by a cation

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5
Q

heat of reaction

A

the net change of chemical potential energy of a system

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6
Q

ampholyte
amphoretic
amphiprotic

A

a substance that can act as either an acid or a base

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7
Q

base

A

proton acceptor

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8
Q

reaction rate

A

the change in concentration per unit time of either a reactant or a product

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9
Q

dissociation

A

the splitting of an ionic compound into its ions

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10
Q

redox reaction

A

a reaction involving the transfer of electrons

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11
Q

exothermic reaction

A

reactions which transform chemical potential energy into thermal energy (🔺H < 0)

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12
Q

catalyst

A

a substance that increases the rate of the reaction but remains unchanged at the end of the reaction

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13
Q

activated complex

A

a high energy, unstable, temporary transition state between the reactants and the products

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14
Q

endothermic reaction

A

reactions which transform thermal energy into chemical potential energy (🔺H > 0)

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15
Q

le châtelier’s principle

A

when an external stress (change in pressure, temperature, or concentration) is applied to a system in dynamic chemical equilibrium, the equilibrium point changes so as to counteract the stress

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16
Q

oxidation

A

loss of electrons

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17
Q

reduction

A

gain of electrons

18
Q

molar mass

A

the mass (in grams) of one mole of that substance

19
Q

anode

A

the electrode where oxidation takes place

20
Q

neutralisation/ equivalence point

A

the point where an acid and a base have reacted so that neither is in excess

21
Q

standard solution

A

a solution of known concentration

22
Q

weak base

A

a base that only dissociates partially in an aqueous solution

23
Q

strong base

A

a base that dissociates almost completely in an aqueous solution

24
Q

weak acid

A

an acid that only ionises partially in an aqueous solution

25
Q

strong acid

A

an acid that ionises almost completely in an aqueous solution

26
Q

cathode

A

the electrode where reduction takes place

27
Q

electrolyte

A

a substance that can conduct electricity by forming free ions when molten or dissolved in a solution

28
Q

open system

A

a system in which both energy and matter can be exchanged between the system and its surroundings

29
Q

closed system

A

a system in which mass is conserved inside the system but energy can enter or leave the system freely

30
Q

activation energy

A

the minimum energy required to start a chemical reaction

31
Q

acid

A

proton donor

32
Q

hydrolysis

A

a reaction of an ion from a salt with water

33
Q

molar concentration

A

the amount of solute per unit volume of solution

34
Q

electronegativity

A

a measure of the tendency of an atom to attract a bonding pair of electrons

35
Q

hydrocarbon

A

compound containing only carbon and hydrogen atoms

36
Q

saturated compound

A

compound in which all the bonds between carbon atoms are single bonds

37
Q

unsaturated compound

A

compound in which there is at least one double/triple bond between carbon atoms

38
Q

functional group

A

an atom or group of atoms that form the centre of chemical activity in the molecule

39
Q

homologous series

A

series of similar compounds which have the same functional group and have the same general formula in which each member differs from the previous one by a single CH2 unit

40
Q

structural isomers

A

compounds having the same molecular formula but different structural formulae

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