Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

IDT > IDT Exam 1 > Flashcards

IDT Exam 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Which part of the brain is responsible for new memory formation?

A

The hippocampus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What does the amygdala do?

A

It regulates emotion and self preservation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What landmarks are in the limbic system?

A

The amygdala and hippocampus are landmarks of this

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What is the corpus callulosum?

A

This is the fibrous bridge between the cerebral hemispheres

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What does the choroid plexus do?

A

This secretes 500 ml of CSF daily

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Where do immune cells enter csf ?

A

Choroid plexus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What does the thalamus do?

A

It acts as a relay station for almost all peripheral sensory information to the higher brain area. Sorts through information and focuses on what is important

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Which part of The brain is responsible for regulation through hormones

A

The hypothalamus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What role does midbrain serve

A

This organ sorts through visual and auditory input and lies under the thalamus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What role does the medulla serve?

A

This organ controls heart rate, blood pressure, respiration and swallowing

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What does the pons do?

A

This organ coordinates posture and breathing and it also controls sleep and wake cycles and dream impulses

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Purpose of hindbrain

A

This organ controls temperature and simple reflexes like coughing and sneezing

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Also called the little brain and contains 50% of brains neurons

A

Cerebellum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

The cerebellum does what?

A

Integrates movement and posture to create fluid movement

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What would cerebellar damage cause

A

Balance issues - speech - and fine motor problems

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What are central pattern generators?

A

Networks of neurons that can act locally to trigger reflexes they do not require higher brain input to function

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Pain receptors pressure receptors and position receptors are called

A

Nociceptor mechanoceptor proprioceptor

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What makes up the BBB

A

Endothelial cells with tight junctions and glial cells wrapping around the capillaries

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What molecules can enter through paracellular aqueous pathway?

A

Water soluble molecules

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Name the two barbiturates used as AEDs

A

Phenobarbital and primidone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Why are AEDs strongly associated with toxicities?

A

They are dosed in grams which allows minor metabolites to become problematic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What two skin disorders are common with antiepileptics?

A

Stevens - Johnson syndrome and toxic epidermal necrolysis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Which anti-epileptics are associated with severe skin disorders

A

Carbamazepine (HLA SE Asians), phenytoin, phenobarbital, lamotrigine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What is the method of action of barbiturates?

A

GABA potentiation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
T 1/2 of phenobarbital
2-6 days
26
Phenobarbital induces
P450 and UGTs
27
Phenobarbital is metabolized by what method
By para hydroxylation 2c9 and 2c19
28
Primidone is a prodrug of what
Phenobarbital once oxidized and PEMA
29
Which barbiturate is less sedating
Primidone is less ______ than phenobarbital
30
Name the two hydantoins
Phenytoin and fosphenytoin
31
Big 6 neurotransmitters
Acetylcholine, norepinephrine, dopamine, serotonin, glutamate, GABA
32
Neurotransmitters must be
Synthesized, stored, released, attach to receptor, and be removed
33
Cholinergic projection neurons are located in?
Medial septal nucleus and nucleus basilis
34
Cholinergic deficits and changes in the septo-hippocampal pathway are associated with?
Alzheimer's
35
Acetylcholine is synthesized by?
Choline acetyltransferase
36
Cht is responsible for
Ach reuptake
37
3 cholinesterase inhibitors treat?
Galantamine,rivastigmine,donepezil, Alzheimer's
38
Muscarinic receptors are
Gpcr
39
Nicotinic receptors are?
Ligand gated ion channels (excitatory)
40
Muscle type ach receptor subtype
(Alpha1)2, beta1, gamma, delta
41
Ganglion nicotinic ach receptor subtype
(Alpha4)2, (beta2)3
42
Neuronal nicotinic Acetylcholine receptor subtype
(Alpha4)2,(beta2)3 reward
43
Homomeric neuronal subtype
(Alpha7)5
44
Significance of different receptor subtypes
Different submits = different function
45
Which muscarinic receptors are in brain
All, m1-m5
46
Docking and release of vesicles into synapse requires?
Calcium through voltage-gated ion channels and snare proteins
47
All catecholamines are synthesized from?
Tyrosine (norepinephrine, dopamine, and epinephrine)
48
The two noradrenergic projections are?
The locus ceruleus and lateral tegmental noradrenergic neurons
49
List the two noradrenergic degradation pathways and locations
Monoamine oxidase in mitochondria and catechol-o-methyltransferase everywhere
50
Ligand, gated ion channels have how many subunits
5
51
Gpcr coupled receptors have how many subunits?
7
52
3 main projection neurons of dopamine
Substantial nigra, ventral tegmental area, nucleus accumbens
53
Which neurons project to striatum
Substantia nigra
54
Which neuronal pathway degrades in Parkinson's
Nigrostriatal pathway
55
Which neurons project to the lymbic system and cerebral cortex
Ventral tegmental area
56
The reward center of brain
Nucleusaccumbens
57
Dopamine receptors are
Gpcr
58
D1______ adenylate cyclase by coupling with_______
Increases, Gs
59
D2______ adenylate cyclase by coupling with_______
Decreases, Gi
60
Cocaine target esp in nucleus accumbens
Dopamine transporter
61
% Of 5HT in brain
1-2%
62
Serotonin is, also known as
Enteramine
63
Serotonin is associated with
Hallucinations, behavior, sleep/wake, mood, appetite, blood pressure, sexual fxn, temp reg
64
Serotonin precursor
Tryptophan
65
Serotonin cell bodies are found in
Raphe nuclei
66
Ondansetron is a
Selective 5-ht3 antagonist
67
All serotonin receptors are gpcr except
5ht3
68
Glutamate is______while and glycine and gaba are_______
Excitatory, inhibitory
69
Synthesis of glutamate
Glutamine → glutamate→ GABA
70
Which glutamate receptor requires a coagonist
Nmda Calcium channel requires glycine
71
Name the two non-nmda receptors
Ampa and kainate both sodium channels
72
Glutamate receptors have____ subunits
4
73
What is a postsynaptic density
An electron dense, protein/receptor enriched area on an excitatory neuron’s dendritic spine
74
GABA is synthesized by
glutamic acid de carboxylase
75
GABA is metabolized by
GABA transaminase
76
What is rate limiting enzyme in serotonin production
Tryptophan hydroxyls
77
What breaks serotonin down
Mao
78
Cocaine binds to this transporter
Sert
79
3 amino acid transmitters
Glutamate, GABA, glycine
80
Glutamate reuptake
EAAT
81
Which GABA receptor is GPCR
GABAb is negatively coupled to Gi and adenylyl cyclase
82
What is baclofen
GABAb receptor agonist for spasm
83
How does GABA work
Binds to receptor→ opens chloride channel and hyperpolarizes neuronal membrane
84
GABAa receptors can also bind
Benzodiazepines, barbiturates, steroids, and picrotoxin
85
Strychnine is
A competitive glycine receptor antagonist
86
Neuroactive peptides are stored where
In large dense-core vesicles
87
Histamine receptors are
Gpcr
88
Adenosine receptor names and mechanism
P1: Gpcr and P2: ligand gated ion channel
89
Phenytoin
Na channel blocker at inactive state
90
Bromocryptine is
D2/d3 partial agonist
91
Carbidopa…
Aaad inhibitor due to hydrazine works in periphery not brain
92
Dopamine agonist 3 general features
Not prodrug, more selective, longer duration
93
D2/ d3 receptors only need
Phenylethylamine with meta h bond donor
94
Pramipexole
D3 > d2 agonist
95
Robinirole
D3 > d2 agonist
96
Ropinirole metabolism
Cyp1A2
97
Rotigotine
D3 agonist
98
How is rotigotine given
Transderm because of rapid glucuronidation po
99
Apomorphine
Short acting D4 agonist subq inj
100
Name 4 class of seizure
Partial(focal/local) Generalized Unclassified Special syndromes
101
3 types of partial seizures
Simple Complex Evolve into secondarily generalized tonic-clonic
102
Describe Partial seizures
Activity stays local
103
Describe generalized seizures
No local onset Bilaterally symmetrical
104
Describe Simple partial seizures
Consciousness is not impaired Symptoms depend on location
105
Describe complex partial seizures
Consciousness is impaired Aura Impaired memory
106
Describe evolving seizures
Tonic-clonic Unconscious Aura
107
Describe absence seizures
Petit mal Sudden interruption of consciousness
108
Describe myoclonic seizures
1-2 second muscle contraction
109
Describe tonic-clonic seizures
Grand mal Contraction Shaking Unconscious and limp
110
Describe status epilepticus
More (mult in 30 min) or longer (lasts 10+ min) seizures Call 911 Give benzodiazepines
111
Progression of partial seizure
Initiation Synchronization Spread (aura) Depolarization Seizure begins
112
Neuronal depolarization is known as
Paroxysmal depolarizing shift
113
Which drugs inactivate sodium channels
Phenytoin Primidone CBZ Valproate Lamotrigine Oxcarbazepine Zonisamide Rufinamide Eslicarbazepine Cenobamate Lacosamide
114
Which drugs potentate GABA
Potassium bromide Phenobarbital Primidone Clonazepam Clobazam Vigabatrin Tiagabine
115
Which drug hits nmda
Felbamate
116
What does gabapentin do
Binds presynaptic calcium channel to prevent glutamate release
117
How do Na+ channel blockers work
They inhibit high-frequency repetitive firing
118
How do alpha 2 delta ligand drugs work
They bird to the subunit of the calcium channels and decrease glutamate release
119
How do the - racetams work
They bind to sv2a and modify neurotransmitter release
120
Vigabatrin may cause
Blindness
121
Lamotragine may cause
Lethal rash
122
What causes huntington's disease
Genes:cag repeat causes neurotoxic protein buildup
123
When does parkinson's snow
Loss of 70-80% striatal dopamine
124
Lewy bodies are made of
Alpha-synuclein
125
Mechanism of MPTP
Lipophilic crosses BBB Conversion by Mao-B Enters neuron by DAT Binds to melanin
126
Name the 5 nuclei of the basal ganglia
Caudate Putamen Globus pallidus Subthalamic Substantia nigra
127
Levodopaside effects
GI upset Cardiovascular problems Dystonia Dyskinesia On/off phenomenon Behavioral
128
What's the risk of a drug holiday in parkinson's
Bed ridden Pneumonia Clots Depression
129
What does TRAP stand for
Tremor Rigid Akinesia Posture
130
Non motor symptoms of PD
Sweating Constipation Decreased arm swing
131
Behavioral Pd symptoms
Depression/Anxiety Anhedonia Psychosis Dementia
132
How does pinvanserin work
Serotonin receptors
133
Ropinirole can interact with
Nicotine and ciprofloxacin
134
How is rotigotine dosed
Transderm
135
2c9 inhibitor
Valproate
136
3a4 inducer and 2C19 inhibitor
-azepines
137
Forms toxic epoxide
CBZ
138
Prodrug AED
Eslicarbazepine
139
Blocks GABA metabolism
Vigabatrin
140
May cause liver failure
Felbamate
141
May increase lamotrigine metabolism
Phenobarbital Phenytoin CBZ
142
Dopamine agonists end in
-ine and ole
143
COMT inhibitors end in
-pone
144
Mao inhibitors end in
-giline + Sulfonamide
145
Adenosine receptor agonist
Istradefylline

IDT (5 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions