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IDS and methods Flashcards

1
Q

Linguistic competence

A

Implicit knowledge that allows production and understanding of any utterance in a language
- Linguistic potential

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2
Q

A native speaker’s _____ reaches the same level as other speakers of the language community

A

Ability

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3
Q

Language performance

A

Ability to use competence in a given situation

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4
Q

Factors that can reduce performance

A

Competing demands on cognitive processing, fatigue and substance use

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5
Q

Why it is harder to evaluate children’s performance compared to adults ?

A

Children have limited working memory capacity, cannot process information quickly and get distracted easily.

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6
Q

Lacking performance does not necessarily mean lacking ____

A

Competence

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7
Q

Properties of infant directed speech (IDS)/child directed speech (CDS)

A

Higher pitch and wider voice range, exaggeration of vowel space, slower rate of speech, frequent and longer pauses, shorter continuous sequences, more frequent stress, repetition

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8
Q

True or false : IDS may differ across languages

A

True, IDS depends on what is more important for contrast in a language (e.g. more tenseness in English vs vowel length in Japanese)

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9
Q

True or false : babies prefer IDS

A

True (it is attention-grabbing)

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10
Q

Low-pass filtered sounds received by fetuses in the womb omits information about phonological ____

A

Segments

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11
Q

Low-pass filtered sounds received by fetuses in the womb maintains ____

A

Prosody (such as pitch)

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12
Q

Babies may prefer IDS because it is more similar to…

A

It exagerrates prosody, which is similar to sounds they received in the womb

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13
Q

IDS exaggeration provides information on …

A

The units of speech

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14
Q

In some cultures, mothers do not use IDS until their baby can ___ language

A

Understand

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15
Q

Can IDS/CDS facilitate language learning ?

A

It may facilitate learning of vocabulary and language processing
However : higher vocabulary does not mean more complex grammar
- Properties of CDS in some languages do not seem to facilitate acquisition of the target grammar (e.g. K’iche CDS has initial syllable deletion which makes lexical retrieval more difficult)

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16
Q

For a variable phenomenon, if children’s production patterns mirror their caregivers’ patterns, this indicates that …

A

Children have acquired the
constraints regulating the variation.

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17
Q

There is more t/d deletion in adult English in _______ words

A

Monomorphemic (e.g. most)

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18
Q

There is less t/d deletion in adult English in _______ words

A

Regularly inflected (e.g. walked)

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19
Q

There is moderate t/d deletion in adult English in _______ words

A

Irregulary inflected (e.g. ate)

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20
Q

In what words is there variation in t/d deletion between adult and children ?

A

Only in irregulary inflected words, with more variation in adult t/d deletion
This means that children are sensitive to variation, but do not fully understand the conditions of it

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21
Q

2 factors to consider before choosing a data collection method

A
  1. Questions we are studying
  2. Age of children
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22
Q

To produce something, you need to ______ it

A

Perceive

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23
Q

True or false : there is no need to test children’s production because there is no production without perception

A

False , production data can reveal patterns and rules, and even reveal perception problems (E.g. Amahl and puddle/pugle)

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24
Q

Naturalistic data

A

Recordings of spontaneously produced speech data in natural everyday contexts

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25
Longitudinal data
Data collected at regular intervals over time from the same participant that spontaneously produces data
26
Cross-sectional data
Large number of participants, usually with data collected in 1 session
27
3 properties of naturalistic data
1. Language is spoken by the child 2. The child's production are not manipulated (no activity to elicit certain type of linguistic structure) 3. Data must be recorded
28
Sampling
Gathering data at regular intervals over a period of time
29
True or false : naturalistic data is usually gathered before the elaboration of a hypothesis
True
30
True or false : the experimenter must model the form they are expecting from the child
False
31
Elicited production
The researcher creates a context in which the child will produce the targeted structure of the study
32
Elicited immitation
Present the child with a structure that they must repeat verbatim
33
True or false : children usually cannot repeat structures that they have not acquired yet
True
34
True or false : if a child has not acquired passive voice, they will repeat a passive sentence as an active sentence
True
35
When you hear a particular grammar pattern, you are more likely to ...
Repeat it in the next utterance
36
Prime
First exposure to a linguistic structure that activates a pattern in the mind of the participant, making them more likely to use this structure
37
True or false : priming a child with a structure they have not acquired yet will work
False
38
True or false : priming is a good test to know if a structure has been acquired
True
39
True or false : comprehension always exceeds production
True
40
_____ tests are more representative of a child's true knowledge
Comprehension
41
Grammaticality judgment task
Present a sentence and ask if it is grammatical
42
Acceptability judgment task
Participants are asked to judge if a sentence is acceptable on a Likert scale
43
Metalinguistic judgment
Thinking of the language as an object
44
For children to do the acceptability judgment test, researchers may need to...
Model lots of ungrammatical sentences
45
Truth value judgment task (TVJT)
Method that measures children's comprehension without metalinguistic knowledge needed. Children listen to a sentence and assess whether it is true based on a previously given scenario.
46
TVJT with puppets
The child watches a context with a puppet that is said to be learning the language. The child decides if the puppet is right or wrong when describing the context.
47
Principle of charity
If a child is unsure if the statment is true, they will accept the statement
48
Solution to the principle of charity problem in TVJT
Make sure there are many wrong answers from the puppet
49
True or false : TVJT must have a specific hypothesis (alternative answer for the child to adopt)
True
50
Picture selection task
Present children with 2 pictures then with a linguistic stimulus, and ask the child to pick the picture that matches the linguistic stimulus
51
Intermodal preferential looking paradigm
2 screens : each screen shows a different video; then audio describes what happened on one of the screens. * If children understand the construction, they will look at the screen that matches the audio. Otherwise, they will look at both screens equally.
52
Visual word eye-tracking paradigm
Present the child with a visual scene along with a linguistic stimulus and then code where the child looks
53
Act out task
Present the child with a sentence for the child to act out (sometimes with toys), errors can be due to factors like cognitive load
54
High amplitude sucking (HAS) or heart rate measure in infants
The baby's heartbeat is measured when it is at baseline.The experimenter presents a stimulus repeatedly and waits until the baby habituates (heartrate back to baseline). Then they present a new stimulus, to which the baby will deshabituate only if they detect this stimulus is different.
55
Headturn preference procedure
If an infant (4 months+) perceives a stimulus as new and different, they will turn towards it (novelty preference)
56
Steps of headturn preference procedure
1. Light flashes, infant looks. 2. Sound plays (familiar or new). 3. Infant looks at light until they look away. 4. Looking time shows sound preference.
57
Familiarity preference
When babies look for longer at a familiar stimulus (such as more similar to their native language)
58
Electroencephalography measures...
Electrical activity in the brain
59
Functional magnetic resonance imaging measures...
Changes in blood flow in different areas of the brain.
60
EEG study
a skullcap with sensors detects changes in electrical voltages in the brain in response to linguistic stimuli (also called events, measuring event-related potentials ERPs)
61
How time to process grammar is measured in EEG
Comparing activity in brain regions while viewing ungrammatical vs grammatical structures
62
True or false : on EEGs, children have slightly delayed responses compared to adults and do not show a strong response to syntactic violations before age 7
True
63
Temporal resolution advantage of EEg
EEG provides very precise information about when the brain responds to linguistic stimulus (milliseconds reactions)
64
Spatial resolution disadvantage of EEG
EEG does not tell us where language processing happens in the brain as electrical responses are dispersed over the cerebral cortex
65
FMRI has better _____ resolution than EGG but worse _____ resolution
Spatial (millimeters), temporal (seconds)
66
FMRI found that there is increased _____ of language for right handers from age 5-25, and then less and less from age 25
Lateralization (language is more concentrated in the left hemisphere)
67
Diary studies (longitidunal)
Spontaneously-produced data are collected by the parent/researcher (almost) every day (e.g. Amahl)
68
Longitudinal language sampling
Sontaneously-produced data are collected by the researcher at regular intervals - Usually recorded for later transcription, coding and analysis.
69
Minimal Pair Picture Selection Task
Testing phonological discrimination in children aged 1;3-3;0 yrs and older Child hears one utterance from a minimal pair and has to point to the corresponding picture (e.g. must choose key from pictures of pea, key and foil used to check if child understands task)
70
Chance in the minimal pair picture selection task
1/3 if the child does not understand the task 1/2 if the child understands the task but does not perceive the contrast
71
Comprehension studies usually create less _______ load
Cognitive
72
Elicited production tasks
To test children's representations and generalizations Show a child something and ask what its color is for example
73
Wug test results
Wugs : shows child has acquired the inflectional rule of plural formation Wug : could be due to not having the rule yet ; or might not be able to produce /s/, think wug is irregular, trouble with /gs/ cluster, cognitive load
74
2 ways of charting the developmental path
1. Longitudinally: testing the same child at many points in time 2. cross-sectionally: testing different children at different developmental stages
75
Mean Length of Utterance (MLU)
Total number of morphemes in all utterances / total number of utterances - Used for determining developmental stage (more accurate than age)

Language acquisition (13 decks)

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