IDR Drugs Flashcards
what do monoamine oxidase inhibitors do
inhibit breakdown of neurotransmitters
what are monoamine oxidase inhibitors used in treatment of
psychiatric problems
what does methotrexate inhibit
DHFR–>folate synthesis–>DNA synthesis
what is methotrexonate used in treatment of
cancer chemotherapy
what do ACE inhibitors inhibit
angiotensin I–>angiotensin II
what are ACE inhibitors used in treatment of
hypertension
what do statins inhibit
HMG-CoA reductase
what are statins used in treatment of
high cholesterol
what does allopurinol inhibit
xanthine oxidase
what is allopurinol used in treatment of
hyperuricemia (high uric acid) and prevention of gout
how does viagra work
inhibits phosphodiesterase that normally destroys cGMP leads to an increase in cGMP
how are beta lactams named
-cillin
-penem
cef-
ceph-
how do beta lactams work
inhibit transpeptidase which helps make the cell wall
what are the 3 first generation beta lactams
ampicillin
amoxicillin
penicillin
what generation, first or second, are destroyed by beta lactamases
first
what are beta lactamases
enzymes produced by bacteria to destroy beta lactam antibiotics
what are beta lactamase inhibitors
chemicals that block beta lactamases, enabling beta lactam antibiotics to be effective
what drug contain beta lactamase inhibitors
clavulanic acid/clavulanate
-bactams (tazobactam, monobactam, sulbactam)
what type of bacteria can you use beta lactams on
gram + and -
how does vancomycin (glycopeptide) work
binds to Ala-Ala crossbridges, preventing cell wall formation
how does daptomycin (glycopeptide) work
disrupts ion gradient in PM
what type of bacteria can you use daptomycin and vancomysin on
gram +
why are daptomycin and vancomysin administered through an IV
they’re too large
how does polymycin B (colistin) work
destroys LPS of gram - cell membrane
what type of bacteria can you use polymycin B (colistin) on
gram -
what is an important consideration when using polymycin B (colistin)
is is very nephrotoxic
what is the major component of acid fast bacteria
mycolic acid
how does isoniazid work
stops mycolic acid synthesis
what bacteria can you use isoniazid on
acid fast
what type of bacteria can you use pyrazidamide on
acid fast
how does pyrazidamide work
disrupts ATP synthesis via aerobic respiration
how does metronidazole work
it’s reduced by ferredoxin, creating free radical (reactive nitrogen)
what bacteria can you use metronidazole on
obligate anaerobes (aerobes have catalase which would destroy the free radicals)
what is a consideration when taking metronidazole
when taken with alcohol can cause flushing, nausea, and high pulse
how do sulfa drugs and trimethoprim work
disrupt folate synthesis and ultimately DNA
what are sulfa drugs and trimethoprim commonly used for? why
UTIs
they concentrate in the bladder
how do fluoroquinolones work
stop bacterial DNA synthesis by binding to bacterial DNA topoisomerase II (DNA gyrase) and IV
prevents DNA from unwinding upstream of the replication fork, and stops decatenation
what suffix is associated with fluoroquinolones
-floxacin
how does rifampin work
binds to RNA polymerase where sigma subunit would bind, inhibiting DNA polymerase
how do macrolides work
bind to 50s ribosome, stop elongation of translation
what suffix is associated with macrolides
mostly -mycin
what type of bacteria can you use quinupristin-dalfopristin (Synercid) on
gram + (few gram-)
how does quinupristin-dalfopristin (Synercid) work
binds to different parts of the 50S ribosome subunit
what is an important consideration of quinupristin-dalfopristin (Synercid)
can only be administered through IV
how do daunorubicin and doxorubicin work
insert between bases and bind directly to DNA sugar phosphate backbone, interfering with DNA topoisomerase II and preventing proper DNA replication
in addition to interfering with DNA topoisomerase II, what other effect for doxorubicin have
produced a ROS that breaks DNA molecule
how does cisplatin work
binds 2 guanines causing DNA replication and transcription errors
what can cisplatin be used to treat
bladder and lung cancer
what are doxorubicin and daunorubicin used to treat
leukemia
how does azidothymidine work
it’s incorporated into the genome of HIV by reverse transcriptase
AZT has no 3’ hydroxyl group so no phosphodiester bind can form, stopping replication
how does alpha amanitin toxin act
binds RNA polymerase II away from the active site, causing a confirmational change, reducing transcriptional activity
how does diptheria toxin work
inactivates eEF2, inhibiting translation
how does streptomycin work
binds to 30S, interferes with codon-anticodon binding
inhibits initiation
how does tetracycline work
binds 16S preventing binding of tRNA to A site
inhibits initiation
how does cholramphenicol work
competitive inhibitor of peptidyl transferase
interfers with elongation
how does erythromycin work
binds 50S and blocks exit of polypeptide
inhibits translation
how does cyclohexamide toxin work
binds E site, preventing exit of tRNA
inhibits translation
how does cholera toxin work
increased cAMP –> increased efflux of Cl- and Na+–> efflux of water–> vomiting and diarrhea
what is the main antibiotic good at crossing the placenta
ampicillin
what 3 drugs are liver/kidney toxin
polymyxin/colistin
isoniazid
amphotericin
what antibiotic causes flushing with alcohol
metronidazole
what antibiotics may cause tendon damage if used in long term
fluorquinolones
what does ethambutol do
inhibit synthesis of lipoarabinomannan
what bacteria can you use ethambutol on
acid fast
what are the side effects of ethambutol
optic neuritis–>colorblindness
gout
how does Delamanid/Pretomanid work
disrupts ATP synthesis
how does Bedaquiline work
targets ATP synthase
delamanid/pretomanid/bedaquiline are used for what type of infection
TB
what is the main infection you use sulfa+dapsone for
leprosy
how does dapsone work
stops macrophage migration
