Ideologies, Greece, and Rome Test Flashcards
Defie empire
lands and people brought under a single governing power, typically by force
Define ideology
a system of ideas and ideals
Define monarchy
“rule by one”
Define oligarchy
“rule by the few”
negative connotation of rule by the rich, as they are often ruling for personal gain
Define feudalism
an economic and political system based on the exchange of land for loyalty and protection
Define dynasty
ruling power is passed down through families
Define aristocracy
“rule by the best”
rule by the rich, often rich people who were descended from the city founders
Define democracy
“power of the people”
citizens play a direct role in the government by voting on laws and other government policies
Define republic
“government through representatives”
Define tyranny
“rule by one” (but with absolute power)
tyrants rule by force with no regard for their subordinates
What were the three main parts of Athenian democracy?
the Assembly, the Council of 4/500, and the citizens
What was the Assembly in Athenian democracy?
The deliberative and legislative body that all citizens were allowed to participate in
What was the Council of 4/500?
A council of people selected by lot from the different social classes/tribes to represent their group in leading the assembly
What were the requirements to become a citizen in Ancient Greece? (6)
Must be:
- born in Athens
- a man
- a property owner
- free
- over 21 years old
- part of the military (or former military member)
What were the 4 parts of the Roman Republic?
Senate, consuls, tribune assemblies, and dictator
What was the senate in the Roman Republic? Who were members? What did they do?
the aristocratic legislative body
300 patricians that could serve for life
pick consuls and, in times of crisis, the dictator
What were the tribune assemblies in the Roman Republic? Who were members? What did they do?
the democratic legislative body
plebs voted into 1 year terms
represented the plebs and could veto the senate
What were the consuls in the Roman Republic? Who were members? What did they do?
the monarchical government body
2 patricians elected by the senate into 1 year terms
in charge of executing the law and running the military
What was the dictator in the Roman Republic? What were the rules?
a ruler given absolute power by the senate in times of crisis
could only hold power for 6 months at a time, but could be given additional time
Who were the patricians in the Roman republic?
Roman aristocrats
Who were the plebians in the Roman republic? Nickname?
Roman working class
plebs
Define “Pax Romana.” What does it translate to?
the era of relative internal peace and stability that ended with the death of Marcus Aurelius in 180 AD
Roman peace
What was the 12 Tables?
the written constitution of the Romans
What is the Daodejing?
the important daoist text written by Laozi
What are the Analects?
the important confucianist text
What is the Code of Hammurabi?
one of the first law codes, written by Hammurabi
Define reform
make changes in a political in order to improve it
What city replaced Rome as the political and cultural center of the Roman Empire?
Byzantium (originally Constantinople)
What society emerged as a result of Byzantium/Constantinople’s sudden importance? When did it “end”?
the Byzantine Empire
1453
What is the yin-yang?
a daoist symbol representing harmonized contrast (dark = female and passive, light = male and active)
What is the dao?
the way; an infinite cosmological process that regulates all existence and that daoists aim to align their lives with in order to achieve spiritual immortality
Define “eye for an eye”
a saying that originated in the Code of Hammurabi, which states that if you poke out a man’s eye, your eye will be poked out as punishment
Define stele
tall, stone monuments with the Code of Hammurabi written on them that King Hammurabi placed in the town centers of all the areas he conquered in order to spread knowledge of his legal code
Define classist
prejudice against or in favor of people belonging to a particular social class
Define patriarchal
a governmental/social system controlled by men
Define egalitarian
relating to or believing in the principle that all people are equal and deserve equal rights and opportunities
Define Quechua
the language spoken by the Inca that they imposed on all the areas they conquered
What are romance languages (and examples)?
the languages formed when Latin spread during the Roman Republic’s conquest and expansion
Spanish, French, Italian, Portuguese, and Romanian
Define Confucianism. What does it focus on? What are some key elements of it?
an ideology based around the teachings of Confucius
uneven relationships, superiors and inferiors, and benevolence
patriarchal and classist
Define Daoism. What does it focus on? What are some key elements of it?
an ideology based around the teachings of Laozi and in response to people’s dislike of Confucianism
harmonized contrast and aligning yourself with the Dao (the way/nature) to achieve spiritual immortality
egalitarian
Define Legalism. What does it focus on? What are some key elements of it?
an ideology based around the teachings of many people, especially Han Fei
the use of harsh laws and punishments to create deterrence and encourage people to follow the law
patriarchal and classist
Define command economy
an economy controlled by the state/government, in which all land is owned by the state and no people can own private businesses/property
Who was Hammurabi?
the king who conquered his neighboring city states, formed the Babylonian Empire, and wrote one of the first legal codes (the Code of Hammurabi)
Who was Confucius?
a popular tutor in the Zhou Dynasty whose followers collected his teachings and wrote them in The Analects, forming the ideology Confucianism
Who was Laozi?
a possibly mythical figure who wrote the Daodejing and encouraged people to abandon society, forming the ideology of Daoism
Who was Han Fei?
one of the important philosophers and writers of the ideology of Legalism
Who was Huayana Capac?
one of the leaders of the Inca Empire
Who was Draco?
an Athenian leader who came to power in order to prevent civil war
What did Draco do?
established a written legal code, established equality before the law, and enforced debt slavery
Who was Solon?
the person chosen by the Athenian aristocracy to institute changes as a result of the class conflict caused by Draco’s laws
What did Solon do?
abolished debt slavery, created 4 social classes, created the Council of 400, and allowed all citizens to participate in the Assembly
Who was Cleisthenes?
the man widely thought of as the first democrat who overthrew the tyranny that had taken over Athens after Solon
What did Cleisthenes do?
divided Athens into 10 geographic tribes, expanded to the Council of 500, and made each tribe elect a general
Who was Pericles?
the man who created direct democracy in Athens
What did Pericles do?
removed property requirements for citizenship, made offices be chosen by election or lot, instituted pay for politicians and jurors, and established boards to oversee roads, taxes, trash removal, etc.
Who was Julius Caesar?
the first Roman dictator for life, who came to power through a Civil War and was assassinated by his fellow senators
What Octavian do and who did he become?
defeated the Senators who assassinated Julius Caesar and his enemies, changed his name to Caesar Augustus, and assumed the title of Imperator (aka emperor)
