Identity : Gender Flashcards
What were Ann Oakley’s 4 processes ?
- manipulation
- canalisation
- verbal appellation
- different activities
What did Ann Oakley study ?
The process of the construction of gender identity
What is manipulation ? (examples)
- Encouragement and rewarding of sex appropriate behaviour .
- boys get rewarded for getting muddy and ‘stuck-in’ whereas girls would get told off
What is canalisation ?
Directing children towards appropriate toys for their gender
What is verbal appellation ?
Giving children gendered nicknames
What are ‘different activities’ ?
reinforcing stereotypes through activities
What was Sue Sharpe’s study ?
- she studied working class school girls
- in the 70’s girls education was less important to females
- in the 90’s girls valued education a lot more and looked at finding careers
What is metrosexuality ?
- Mort
- A heterosexual urban man who enjoys shopping and similar interests which are traditionally associated with women
Who studied metrosexuality ?
Mort
What did Wilkinson study ?
- ‘genderquake’
- woman’s increasing success in the world of work.
What is happening with the changing gender roles ?
- traditional roles are changing
- women are taking on men’s traditional and the other away around
- consumer products target our gender identities
- gender and fertility medicine are blurring the biological boundaries
What does Cornell study ?
He argues different levels of masculinity
What is hegemonic masculinity ?
The most common, dominant and strongly reinforced
What is subordinate masculinity ?
Links to homosexuality
What is marginalised masculinity ?
Unemployed, not recognised
What was Mac An Ghail’s study on macho lads ?
- He thinks that peer groups police the sexuality of it’s members through ‘hyper-masculinity’.
- Talks about the 3 F’s - fighting, football and fucking
What did Jackson find ?
Found that some girls or ‘ladettes’ spend time drinking, smoking, swearing to remain popular
What did denscombe study ?
Look at the increase of female risk-taking behaviour which relates to ‘Ladette’ culture
What was another point that Mac An Ghail looked at ?
- Also looked at working class men who felt insecure as there had been a loss of typical ‘male’ industries
- felt like they were losing their identity.
