Identify Flashcards
Describe the three main institutions of democratic Athens.
- Popular courts= administration of justice, jurors chosen by drawing lots among the citizens over 30. Prosecution brought by individuals no public prosecutor. Defendant had to plead case in person without a lawyer.
- Council of the 500-supreme executive authority, create agenda for assembly, sessions took place in the Agora.
- Assembly-Centre of Athenian democracy, all citizens summoned, quorum 6000 votes ⅕ of Athenian citizens.
In which text we find the earliest scene in Greek literature approximating a court trial?
Hyperedies and the trial of Phryne
- Phryne: a Greek courtesan sued for impiety
- Defended by the orator Hyperides
- Used seduction methods to impress the jurors and win (took off her clothes)
What is Quintilian’s definition of the orator?
The Good man Speaking well
- Example: Cato the Elder.
- Speaking well=speaking justly
- He insists that his ideal orator is no philosopher because the philosopher does not take oratory as a duty to participate in civic life.
- Only good men(moral) can be called orators= the ones that have a virtuous life.
How Greek rhetoric changed when introduced in classical Rome?
Orators and writers in ancient Rome depended more on the embellishment of the discourse and compelling metaphors. Less on logical reasoning. Cicero’s approach persuasive orators need knowledge of history, politics, art, lit, ethics, law, and medicine.
Explain the “fragmentation” of rhetoric in the Middle Ages.
Decline of literacy. Rise of Christianity, rhetoric was used for theology and preaching. Prescriptive focus education and classical rules. End of speaking, emphasis on the writing.
-Rhetoricians: Augustine, Cassiodorus, Erasmus.
Which discipline of the Trivium subordinated Rhetoric during the Middle Ages?
Grammer
What are the three genres of rhetoric/oratory according to Aristotle and the specific tense associated to each one?
- Deliberative: parliamentary oratory. Exhortation and dissuasion. (Future)
- Judicial: accusation or defense (Past)
- Epideictic: demonstrative to praise or blame (Present)
Name the three modes/strategies of persuasion according to Aristotle and explain each of them.
- Ethos
- Logos
- Pathos
Name the five canons of rhetoric and describe each of them.
- Invention: devising the matter, coming up with a topic.
- Arrangement: ordering of the matter.
- Style: choice of words, sentences, etc.
- Memory
- Delivery
What are the essential qualities of a persuasive Ethos?
According to Aristotle:
- Virtue audience believes you share their values-(Arete)
- Practical wisdom you appear to know what is right-(Phronesis)
- Selflessness-(Eunola) the audience’s interests seem to be your sole concern.
What are the most powerful emotions that motivate an audience to act according to Aristotle?
Sympathize, suffering, feeling emotions.
What are the three styles of oratory according to Cicero?
- Simple-ordinary speech used in intro and explanation
- Middle-relaxed but not casual
- Grand-formal impressive and moving
Explain the fallacies of form and the fallacies of distraction.
When the structure of argument is being ignored shifted or insulted-the intent to change the subject without losing an argument.
Explain the main and greatest objective of the speaker/policy-maker within a deliberative situation, according to Aristotle.
Praise or blame those who sacrifice themselves for others.
What are the four types of “constitutions” according to Aristotle?
Democracy, oligarchy, aristocracy, monarchy.
