Identifications | People Flashcards

1
Q

When was Martin Luther born?
Where did he live?

A

B. 1483
Germany

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Who was Martin Luther? (5)

A

1) Reformer / Augustinian Friar
2) Depressed about eternal destiny and felt overwhelmed by his sin
3) came to hate God for making him
4) Pursued doctorate
5) Came to new understanding and had no intention of stirring pot

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Martin Luther’s 95 Theses:
Main points? (3)

A

1) Objection to indulgences funding Rome instead of Germany
2) Denied power of pope over purgatory for the remission of punishment
3) Indulgences are harmful because they induce complacency and threaten salvation.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Martin Luther’s Theology: (8)

A

1) God is simultaneously hidden and revealed
2)Theology of glory and theology of cross
3) Proper and alien works of God
4) Word of God is Jesus Christ
5) Justification by grace through faith
6) Lord’s Supper - faith of recipient / word made visible - consubstantiation
7) Two sacraments
8) Scripture final authority

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Who is John Calvin?

A

1) 2nd Generation reformer
2) Converts to protestant faith
3) Writes Institutions as defense of protestant faith and instructions for religious inquirers
4) Professor of sacred scriptures and
Pastor at a church in Geneva
5) Writes the Institutes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

When was John Calvin born?
Where did he live?

A

1509
Geneva

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What is John Calvin’s theology? (8)

A

1) God - come to know through bible
2) Word of God - Christ and the scriptures
3) Humanity - Made as God’s image, but sinned - will tied up with sin
4) Justification - elect justified by grace alone by faith alone
5) Christian life - more and more manifest in yourself the image of God
6) Church - invisible and visible
7) Lord’s supper - Christ spiritually present, but not physically present
8) Predestination - (warned caution) humanity brings nothing to the table - all God

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Why is John Calvin important to church history? (4)

A

1) writes the institutes
2) helps create the confession of faith
3) helps determine ecclesiastical ordinances, how church will rule themselves
4) shapes reformed tradition

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Who is Balthasar Hubmaier? (4)

A

1) Doctorate in theology and pastor
2) Re-baptized
3) Burned at stake to death
4) Influence on the Anabaptist tradition

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

When was Balthasar Hubmaier born? And where did he live?

A

1480 - Germany

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What is Balthasar Hubmaier’s theology? (7)

A

1) we can contribute to our salvation - little left after fall
2) limited free will - to choose to turn to God
3) Grace given, but no one is coerced, free to choose
4) God compels no one, but offers salvation to all
5) if not saved, the fault of recipient
6) Don’t baptize infants - must choose
7) Church is voluntary society - separate from word

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Who is Caspar Schwenckfeld?

A

Leader of spiritualist movement?

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

When was Caspar Schwenckfeld born? And where did he live?

A

14989 - Poland

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What was Caspar Schwenckfeld’s theology? (4)

A

1) Lord’s supper has dual meaning - memorial of Christ’s death and symbolic representation of internal feeding on of Christ
2) Bread and wine like teaching aid
3) The more important work is the inner transformation / spiritual bread
4) Strong distinction between church and state

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Who is Teresa of Avila? (5)

A

1) Nun at carmelite convent
2) bad health, coma, in bed for 3 years
3) Miraculous recovery - intense spiritual life with intense spiritual experiences
4) Vision to reform Carmelites (return to simple life)
5) Founds more convents (Discalced Carmelites) and men’s group (Discalced Friars)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

When was Teresa of Avila born?

A

1515

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Major writing of Teresa of Avila?

A

“The Interior Castle”

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What were the reforms that Teresa of Avila brought to the nuns? (9)

A

1) Had to be barefoot or in sandals
2) Evangelical witness
3) Can’t own property
4) No social distinctions
5) Simple dress
6) Fast and prayer
7) Everyone had to do chores
8) strict inclosure, limited visitation
9) Small group of elites

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Who was Elizabeth 1? (4)

A

1) Daughter of Anne Boleyn and Henry VIII
2) sister Mary is on the throne, returns country to catholicism, persecutes protestants (bloody mary).
3) Elizabeth becomes queen of England in 1558.
4) Sought inclusive religion (middle way between Rome and Geneva)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

When was Elizabeth 1 born?

A

1533

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Why is Elizabeth 1 important to church history? (2)

A

1) 39 articles adopted
2) Puritans grew under her reign

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Who is Jonathan Edwards? (4)

A

1) Spokesperson for the Moderate New Light (pro revivalist)
2) A part of the 1st Great Awakening
3) Pastor at grandpa’s church after he dies, embroiled in controversy, fired
4) dies after getting the smallpox vaccine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

When was Jonathan Edwards born and where did he live?

A

1703 - Connecticut and New Jersey

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Jonathan Edwards theology (6)

A

1) Strict Calvinism
2) Religious affections - conversion is marked by deep affection for God
3) God is: Sovereign, beautiful, and angry
4) Sinful humanity - urgency of repentance
5) Freedom of the willer, not freedom of the will (free to choose, but apart from grace, always chooses evil)
6) American exceptionalism - call on to bring forth a new society

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Who is John Wesley? (5)

A

1) Forms Methodist Societies (within the Church of England)
2) Small groups - little church within the big church - didn’t want to form a new church
3) Church renewal movement
4) After his death, the Methodist church breaks from the Church of England
5) Arminian

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

What is John Wesley’s theology? (5)

A

1) Authority - Bible has final authority - though also consider experience, reason, and tradition
2) Repentant faith - is a prevenient grace bestowed on everyone, they have a choice to choose it - all can be forgiven!
3) Justifying faith - which pardons the sinner - God’s forgiveness - predestination through foreknowledge
4) Sin: voluntary transgression of a known law of God - a lack of conformity to the will of God
5) Christian perfection (which must be possible in one’s lifetime). Not without error, but no longer knowingly violating God’s law

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

When was John Wesley born and where did he live?

A

1703 - England

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Who is Charles Chauncy? (2)

A

1) Moderate Enlightenment
2) Pastor of 1st Church of Boston

28
Q

When was Charles Chauncy born and where did he live?

A

1705 - Boston

29
Q

What was the emphasis on Charles Chauncy’s theology? (4)

A

1) God’s unity (oneness of God, as opposed to trinity)
2) God’s benevolence - nature is good and beautiful, so must God be
3) no predestination - universalist - all will be saved
4) Human ability - we know the difference between right and wrong and can live up to God’s expectations

30
Q

Who is Nathaniel W Taylor? (3)

A

1) Worked at Yale Divinity School
2) Student of Timothy Dwight
3) Develops new theology: Taylorism OR New Haven Theology

31
Q

When was Nathaniel W Taylor born?

A

1786

32
Q

What was Nathaniel W Taylor’s theology? (4)

A

1) A reasonable Calvinism for people who held common sense in high esteem - more room for human freedom
2) Human nature provides occasion for sinning, but individual can always choose not to sin
3) Depravity in an individual’s actions - it’s your sin, not Adam’s
4) If God punishes sin, humanity must have capacity to choose not to sin - can choose to love God OR to sin

33
Q

Who is Charles Finney? (3)

A

1) Father of Modern revivalism
2) Minister in Presbyterian Church - but rejects certain tenets (irresistible grace and total depravity)
3) Professor of Theology at Oberlin

34
Q

When was Charles Finney born?

A

1792

35
Q

What was Charles Finney’s beliefs / impact? (3)

A

1) Revivals - not as miracles, but scientific method
2) theology of sanctification “ oberlin perfectionism” - possible in this life
3) Urban evangelism - noon time prayer meetings - daily - thousands of people

36
Q

What was Charles Finney’s method for revivals? (6)

A

1) Go to a new place - ask who the sinners are - pray for sinners by name
2) Encouraged women to pray in mixed meetings
3) Protracted meetings - continue for days
4) Anxious bench - those who are the most ready to receive - sit them up front
5) Inquiry room - after sermon, for those who have questions
6) Extemporaneous (impromptu) preaching - so the preacher can look at them in the eyes

37
Q

Who is Phoebe Palmer? (6)

A

1) Mother of the holiness movements
2) Her and her sister have weekly Tuesday meetings to promote holiness
3) Promoted Social Holiness: (Prison reform, poor, work in urban slums, daycare, food and clothes, homes for orphans)
4) Influences Pentecostalism
5) Editor and owner of periodical - Guide to Holiness
6) encouraged lots of women into ministry

38
Q

What is Phoebe Palmer’s theology? (5)

A

1) Conversion and sanctification - Entire devotion - sanctifying grace
2) Personal testimony and exhortation
3) Lay it all upon the altar
4) Immediate availability of entire sanctification through faith in Christ (main message)
5) It is your duty to believe

39
Q

When was Phoebe Palmer born?

A

1807

40
Q

Who is Immanuel Kant?

A

1) Philosopher
2) His work dealt a deathblow to rationalism of the enlightenment
3) Front runner to post-modern critique of the modern insistence on objectivity and universality as signs of true knowledge

41
Q

What did Immanuel Kant believe? (5)

A

1) No such thing as innate ideas
2) Our minds order things into structures (like time and space) so we can understand
3) no purely objective knowledge - no way to prove God, challenge to Christian theology
4) Though God couldn’t be proved through pure reason, it could be proven through practical reason - the rule for your life can be made a universal rule.
5) Practical reason can lead us to believe in: The existence of God (as judge of moral action) and the Immortality of the soul - moral living is hard, must be an afterlife - as a reward

42
Q

When was Immanuel Kant born and where did he live?

A

1724 - Germany

43
Q

Who is Frederich Schleiermacher? (3)

A

1) The Father of Liberalism
2) In response to the limits of the rationalism of the 18th century, developed a new conception of religion based on the feelings
3) Influenced by Romanticism

44
Q

What were Frederich Schleiermacher’s beliefs? (5)

A

1) rationalism too dehumanizing
2) Religion not a form of knowledge or system of morality, but feeling
3) profound awareness of God
4) Absolute dependence on God
5) Three levels of dependence - self, relationship to world, relationship to God

45
Q

When was Frederich Schleiermacher born and where did he live?

A

1768 - Germany

46
Q

Who was Soren Kierkegaard? (4)

A

1) Founder of existentialism
2) frail and sickly childhood - unhappy youth - object of mockery
3) believed his intellectual gifts meant he was to to be called to a special mission - broke of engagement to woman he deeply loved
4) Beliefs in reaction to Hegel’s system

47
Q

When was Soren Kierkegaard born and where did he live?

A

1813 - Denmark

48
Q

What did Soren Kierkegaard believe? (6)

A

1) Kant’s Pure reason can neither prove nor disprove the existence of God
2) But faith knows God directly
3) Basis of Christianity not reasonableness - but faith in God whose revelation comes from scripture and Jesus
4) The greatest enemy of Christianity was Christendom, whose purpose was to simplify the matter of becoming Christian
5) Christianity without cost or pain is fake Christianity
6) To be truly Christian, one must be aware of the cost of faith and pay it

49
Q

Who is Walter Rauschenbusch? (4)

A

1) Studies theology, wants to be a missionary, instead pastors a church in Hell’s Kitchen.
2) What he learned did not prepare him to meet the needs of his parishioners.
3) Seeks scripture for answers, discovers the Social Gospel
4) Puts forth the doctrine of the KoG

50
Q

What did Walter Rauschenbusch believe? (4)

A

1) Social Gospel: Social salvation precedes individual salvation both temporarily and in importance.
2) Directly opposed to individualism, promoted collective means of achieving goals
3) social and economic life of the nation should conform to the requirements of the gospel - critical of capitalism
4) Doctrine of the Kingdom of God: Church exists to build the KoG on earth in every sphere - into heaven

51
Q

What were the major works of Walter Rauschenbusch? (2)

A

“Christianity and the social crisis”
“Theology of the social Gospel”

52
Q

When was Walter Rauschenbusch born and where did he live?

A

1861 - New York

53
Q

Who was J. Gresham Machen? (4)

A

1) Leader of Fundamentalist movement -
2) Lived in Germany, dug liberal theology, but eventually converted to more conservative belief
3) Professor of NT at Princeton
4) Founded Orthodox Presbyterian Church in 1936

54
Q

What was J. Gresham Machen’s major work?

A

“Christianity and Liberalism” - Liberals should leave church

55
Q

When was J. Gresham Machen born?

A

1881

56
Q

Who was Karl Barth? (5)

A

1) Neo-Orthodox theologian
2) Formed by liberal theologians, amidst horrors of WWII, needed something more sufficient, turned to scriptures
3) Barmen Declaration - 1934 - document that opposed hitler in the name of the gospel and disproved of his false doctrine
3) “Crisis” theology
4) “Church Dogmatics”
5) Very influential to reformed American theology

57
Q

What was the emphasis of Karl Barth’s theology? (4)

A

1) otherness of God
2) contrast between KoG and all human projects
3) Object of theology: The word of God
4) Sin understood, not through nature, but through God’s word of grace

58
Q

When was Karl Barth born and where did he live?

A

1886 - Germany

59
Q

Who is James Cone? (3)

A

1) Black Liberation Theology
2) Grew up in Arkansas, experienced joy of AME church, and horrors of racism in community.
3) Worked at Union Seminary

60
Q

What were James Cone’s beliefs? (4)

A

1) Theology is to help church be faithful to living the liberating gospel of Christ in the world
2) God’s activity in the world is of liberation
3) Any theology not rooted in God’s liberation is not Christian
4) Critical: of white theology / inherent racism in Christianity

61
Q

What were the major works of James Cone? (2)

A

“Black Theology and Black Power”
“A Black Theology of Liberation”

62
Q

When was James Cone born?

A

1938

63
Q

Who is Gustavo Gutierrez? (4)

A

1) Liberation Theology
2) Peruvian Catholic priest
3) studied in Europe
4) Education did not prepare him to address the plight of the poor

64
Q

How did Gustavo Gutierrez understand theology? (5)

A

1) Begin with persons, then move to praxis
2) Praxis: action / reflection / then action again…
3) critical reflection on praxis in light of the word of God
4) primary responsibility not to understand the world, but to change the world
5) Scripture (Exodus & Incarnation of God in Christ)

65
Q

When was Gustavo Gutierrez born and where did he live?

A

1928 - Peru

66
Q

What, for Gustavo Gutierrez, was the meaning of liberation? (4)

A

1) liberation from oppressive political, social, and economic situations
2) Taking control of one’s own destiny
emancipation of sin and new life in Christ
3) Christ brings us liberation (sin brings oppression, but liberation enables us to live in community)
4) Liberation is the same thing as salvation

67
Q

What was Gustavo Gutierrez’s major work?

A

“A Theology of Liberation”