ICU Flashcards

1
Q

Types of Shock

A
  1. Sepsis - loss vascular tone
  2. Hypovolemic - loss preload
  3. Obstructive - inc after load (PE, tamponade, constrictive pericarditis)
  4. Cardiogenic - pump failure (ACS, valvular)
  5. Anaphylactic/distributive - SIRS, endocrine, mitochondrial dysfunction
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2
Q

Central venous O2 sat

A
  • Get from CVC (SVC), normal 60-65%
  • Mixed central is from pulmonary artery catheter (SVC and IVC), normal 65-70%

ScvO2 >80% = sepsis
- Cells of body are too sick to extract O2 from blood and blood is in high flow state
ScvO2 <60% = cardiogenic
- Heart can’t pump blood with O2 to cells

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3
Q

Sepsis and Septic Shock definitions

A
  1. Sepsis - life threatening organ dysfunction by dysregulated host response to infection. Mortality >10%
    - qSOFA score
  2. Septic shock - subset of sepsis with profound circulatory, cellular, metabolic abnormalities. Mortality >40%
    - Lactate >2
    - Need pressers for MAP >65 in absence of hypovolemia
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4
Q

qSOFA score

A
2/3 of:
1. RR>22
2. SBP <=100
3. Altered LOC (GCS<15)
If positive = think infection
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5
Q

Surviving Sepsis Categories

A
  1. Initial resuscitation
  2. Abx - empiric broad spectrum
  3. Fluid - crystalloid>colloid, 30 mL/kg bolus
  4. Vasopressors - NE > vaso, epi
  5. Steroids - if refractory septic
  6. Blood - RBC if Hb <70, plt <10 or <50 and bleeding
  7. Mech vent - lung protective ventilation
  8. Adjunctive
    - Bicarb - only pH <7.15
    - Nutrition
    - DVTp
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6
Q

Sepsis 1st hour

A
  1. Lactate - repeat q2-4 if >2
  2. Cultures
  3. Broad spec ABx
  4. IVF - 30 mL/kg for HOTN or lactate >4
  5. Pressors if HOTN for MAP 65+
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7
Q

Which fluid for sepsis?

A

Crystalloid (RL) unless CI

  • HyperK
  • Mitochondrial disease
  • TBI
  • Can use albumin in addition if significant amount of crystalloid given
  • No bicarb if pH >7.15
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8
Q

How much fluids in sepsis?

A
  1. 30 mL/kg in first 4 hours
  2. Then use dynamic measures to determine ongoing needs:
    - NOT CVP
    - Passive leg raise
    - Fluid challenge - inc SV/CO by 10-15% after 250-500 cc
    - Pulse pressure variation
    - Stroke volume variation
    - IVC variation distensibility index - int/vent >15-20% likely, not int >40% likely, low doesn’t mean non responder
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9
Q

Why do you need to know if your patient is fluid responsive?

A
  1. If you have maximized their preload then giving more fluid won’t help their blood pressure/perfusion
  2. If you give more fluid than they need you risk ARDS, AKI, intra abdominal compartment syndrome
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10
Q

Vasopressors

A
  1. NE - alpha effect, 0.03-0.35, can add vast or eps
  2. Vasopressin - 0.03 u/min
  3. Epi - increases lactate (can’t use to guide)
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11
Q

Adrenergic receptors

A

Alpha 1 = inc SVR
Alpha 2 = dec SVR (clonidine)
Beta 1 = inc chronotropy (rate), inotropy (contractility), domotropy (conduction)
Beta 2 = relax smooth muscle/GB/uterus, bronchodilator

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12
Q

Phenylephrine

A

Alpha 1

  • Reflex bradycardia
  • Use in opioid induced HOTN
  • Dec HR and CO, inc SVR and PCWP
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13
Q

Norepinephrine

A

Alpha 1, a bit of beta 1

  • 0.03 - 0.3 mcg/kg/min
  • Inc HR, CO, SVR and PCWP
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14
Q

Dopamine

A

High dose - alpha 1
Low dose - beta 1/2
High risk tachy vs. NE
- Inc HR, CO, SVR, PCWP

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15
Q

Epinephrine

A

High dose - alpha 1
Low dose - beta 1/2
High risk of tachy vs. NE
- Inc HR, CO, SVR, dec PCWP

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16
Q

Dobutamine and isoproterenol

A

Beta 1 and Beta 2

- Inc HR/CO, dec SVR/PCWP

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17
Q

Milrinone

A

Beta 1 and Beta 2

  • NOT in renal failure
  • Very long half life
  • Inc HR/CO, dec SVR/PCWP
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18
Q

Vasopressin

A

Works on its own V1 receptor causing vasoconstriction = inc SVR
Can cause digit and gut ischemia
- Inc SVR/PCWP

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19
Q

Steroids in Sepsis

A

Only if REFRACTORY septic shock- not responding to IVF and pressors
Hydrocortisone 200 mg/day total
- 100 mg loading dose
- 50 mg QID x5-7 d

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20
Q

Hypoxemic Respiratory Failure - Type 1

A
  • PaO2 <60
  • V/Q mismatch
  • Low FiO2, diffusion, alveolar, shunt
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21
Q

Hypercapneic respiratory failure - type 2

A
  • PaCO2 >45

- Can be accompanied by hypoxemia

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22
Q

Post operative respiratory failure

A
  • Atelectasis, low FRC

- Secondary chest wall/anesthetic

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23
Q

Circulatory collapse respiratory failure

A
  • Shock

- Severe acidosis

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24
Q

HFNC

A
  • Humidified O2, up to 60 L/min
  • AGMP - PPE***
  • May help reduce rates of intubation
    Benefits
  • Dec constriction, inc secretion clearance
  • Dec dead space
  • Dec upper airway resistance
  • Recruit atelectasis
  • Inc FiO2
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25
Q

When to use NIPPV

A

Definitely
- Mild-sev acidemia COPD (CO2>45, pH<7.35, RR>20-40)
- Cardiogenic pulmonary edema (excl MI, cardiogenic shock)
Probably
- Post extubation ARF prophylaxis (>65, underlying heart/lung disease)
- Post op ARF (supra diaphragm, GI+eso, pelvic *ensure no concern for anastomotic leak)
- Palliative ARF
- Immunocompromised ARF
DO NOT USE
- Non acidotic COPD
- Failed extubation

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26
Q

NIPPV Harms

A
  • Delayed intubation
  • Unrecognized deterioration
  • Not lung protective
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27
Q

Contraindications to NIPPV

A
  • Facial surgery, trauma
  • Dec LOC
  • Can’t clear secretions
  • Respiratory arrest
  • HD unstable
  • Indication for intubation
  • AGMP!!! Watch for COVID
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28
Q

Goals of mechanical ventilation

A
  1. O2 delivery
  2. A-B homeostasis
  3. Airway protection
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29
Q

MV improves oxygenation by:

A
  1. Increasing FiO2 delivered
  2. Reducing VQ mismatch - PEEP opens alveoli
  3. Reduce shunting
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30
Q

Volume control

A

Trigger: ventilator/time
Target: Flow
Cycle off: volume
Variable: pressure

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31
Q

Pressure control

A

Trigger: ventilator/time
Target: pressure
Cycle off: time
Variable: volume

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32
Q

ACPC

A

Trigger: ventilator +/- patient
Target: pressure
Cycle off: time
Variable: volume

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33
Q

ACVC

A

Trigger: ventilator +/- patient
Target: flow
Cycle off: volume
Variable: pressure

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34
Q

SIMV

A

Trigger: ventilator +/- patient
Target: varies
Time off: time for variable breaths

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35
Q

Pressure support

A

Trigger: patient
Target = pressure
Cycle off: flow
Variable: volume and rate

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36
Q

Initial MV Settings

A

Mode: pressure or volume, assist or control
Tidal volume: ARDS 4-8 cc/kg
RR: except for PS
PEEP, FiO2, trigger, cycle off, alarms/backup
Re assess

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37
Q

ARDS pathophys

A
Pathophys:
- Alveolar damage
- Hyaline membrane deposition
- endothelial damage/permeability
Causes:
- Local: PNA, contusion, aspiration
- Systemic: sepsis, pancreatitis, drug, TRALI
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38
Q

ARDS definition

A
  1. Onset within 1 week of insult
  2. Bilateral opacities on CXR (pulmonary edema)
  3. Not due to cardiogenic/vol overload
  4. PF ratio with PEEP >=5
    a. Mild 200-300
    b. Mod 100-200
    c. Sev <100
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39
Q

ARDS Treatment

A
  1. Tx underlying cause
  2. Provide oxygenation
  3. Protect the lungs
  4. ICU best practices
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40
Q

ARDS - Lung protective ventilation

A
  1. Tidal volume 4-8 cc/kg (based on predicted weight from height)
  2. Proning in severe for >12 hrs/day
  3. Plateau pressure <30
  4. Higher PEEP/FiO2 if mod-sev
    Targets
  5. pH 7.25-7.35
  6. PaO2 55-80
  7. O2 sat 88-95%
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41
Q

Pros and Cons of PEEP

A
Pros
1. Alveolar recruitment
2. Decrease strain on lungs
3. Decrease atelectrauma
Cons
1. Alveolar overdistension
2. Intrapulmonary shunt
3. Increased dead space
4. High pulmonary vascular resistance
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42
Q

ARDS with high FiO2

A

Should use a higher PEEP strategy!

If FiO2 >50%

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43
Q

Mortality benefit in ARDS

A
Reduce mortality
- High PEEP
- Prone positioning
Equivocal
- Recruitment maneuvers (not routine)
- NM blockade (consider if PF<150, vent dyssynchrony or difficult lung protection)
- ECMO
- Diuresis/IVF
Increased mortality
- High Hz oscillation
No benefit
- Statins, inhaled NO (bridge, improves oxygenation), steroids
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44
Q

General COVID Recommendations

A
  • AGMP = wear N95, negative pressure room
  • Most experienced person intubates
  • Use NE>epi>dop
  • no hydroxyethyl starches - use crystalloids
  • Dex 6 mg IV daily x 10 days
  • No interferon, convalescent plasma, HCQ
  • Remdesevir controversial
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45
Q

COVID Ventilation Recommendations

A
  • Suggest O2 <92%, recommend <90%
  • Target no >96%
  • If NIPPV/HFNC monitor closely for deterioration and need for intubation
  • Plat pressure <30
  • Higher PEEP strategy
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46
Q

COVID O2 Algorithm

A
  • PF >150 = facemask
  • PF <150 = intubate
  • TV 6, PEEP 10, RR 15, FiO2 1
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47
Q

Weaning from MV

A

Consider if:

  1. Reversed underlying cause
  2. Cardiac stable
  3. Adequate mentation
  4. Oxygenation - FiO2<40, PEEP 5-8, PaO2>60
  5. Other: lyes, A-B, pain control
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48
Q

Spontaneous Breathing Trial

A
  • Attempt to mimic them breathing on their own
  • ETT inc resistance = harder than breathing on own
  • Should do SBT on pressure support for shorter period of time instead of t piece for longer
  • Ex. PS 5/0
  • Can estimate RSBI
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49
Q

RSBI

A

Rapid shallow breathing index
= RR/Tidal Volume
RSBI>105 = failed extubation

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50
Q

RASS

A
Target RASS -2 to +1
\+4 = combative, violent dangerous
\+3 = pull/remove tubes/cath, aggressive
\+2 = frequent non purposeful movement
\+1 = anxious, apprehensive
0 = alert and calm
-1 = awaken to voice, eyes >10 s
-2 = lid sedation, brief <10 s
-3 = mod sedation, move/open eyes
-4 = deep sedation, no response to voice, respond to physical stimulus
-5 = unrousable, no response
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51
Q

ICU Sedation Options

A
  • Prefer propofol or Precedex > benzos
  • Daily awakening trial
  • Stop infusion ASAP
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52
Q

ICU Delirium

A

Non Pharm
- Sleep, mobilize, hearing/vision aids, orient, daylight, family
Pharm
- Nothing shortens course
- Atypicals preferred ex. quetiapine
- Consider Precedex if preventing weaning/assess extubation

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53
Q

ICU Pain management

A
  • Multimodal
  • Tylenol and NSAID
  • Opioids esp post op
  • Low dose ketamine and lidocaine = adjuncts
  • Neuropathic = gabapentin, carbamazepine, pregabalin
  • Regional anesthesia- epidural, nerve blocks
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54
Q

ICU Sleep

A

Non Pharm

  • Ear plugs, eyeshade, relaxing music, schedule, light/dark
  • NO PROPOFOL
  • Unclear Precedex/melatonin
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55
Q

Post arrest TTM

A
  • Any rhythm
  • In or out of hospital arrest
  • Target Temp 33-36 (or 32-34) –> upper limit if arrhythmia or CV unstable
  • Minimum 24 hours, longer if need to prevent fever
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56
Q

Brain death

A

Irreversible cessation of cerebral and brainstem function

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57
Q

Persistent vegetative state

A

Severe anoxic brain injury progressing to a state of wakefulness without awareness
No purposeful response
Sleep wake intact

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58
Q

Minimal conscious state

A

Limited interaction with environment with visual tracking +/- simple commands
Intelligible verbalization or something yes/no but not always appropriate

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59
Q

Locked In

A

Retained alertness, cognitive abilities, can move eyes and blink voluntarily but paralysis of limbs and oral structures

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60
Q

Neurologic Determination of Death

A
  1. 2 physicians
  2. Etiology compatible with NDD
  3. No confounding factors: umresuscitated shock, T<34, sev metabolic, NM block, peripheral neuropathy/myopathy, drug interactions **if you can’t correct these then use ancillary testing
  4. Absent brain stem reflexes - pupillary, corneal, gag, cough, oculovestibular (cold calorics - towards cold)
  5. Absent movement - spont + noxious (bilateral AND above/below clavicles). EXCLUDES spinal reflexes
  6. Apnea testing
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61
Q

Apnea testing

A
  1. Correct confounders
  2. Pre oxygenate and get ABG (want CO2 35-45, pH 7.35-7.45)
  3. Disconnect vent
  4. Monitor resp efforts
  5. Serial ABGs
    Complete when:
  6. CO2>60
  7. CO2 >20 above baseline
  8. pH <=7.28
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62
Q

NDD Post cardiac arrest

A

Must wait AT LEAST 24 hours before NDD

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63
Q

NDD Confounding Factors

A
  • May over rule by 2 physicians
  • Therapeutic anti epileptics don’t count
  • Lab recommendations: pH 7.35-7.45, Na 125-159, phos >0.4, Gluc 3-20
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64
Q

Ancillary testing

A
Want to demonstrate absent cerebral flow. Use this if can't fix confounders.
1. Radionuclide angiography
2. CT angiography
3. 4 vessel angiography
4. MR angiography
NOT EEG!!
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65
Q

Donation after Cardiocirculatory death

A

Controlled death

  • Withdrawal life support (consent, routine EOL care)
  • 2 physicians confirm death (not from transplant team)
  • Min 5 mins observed with NO pulse, BP, Respiratory effort
  • Can happen in ICU or OR
  • Maximum time is 1-2 hours
66
Q

Critical illness myopathy

A
Motor
- Flaccid quadriparxsis
- Proximal>distal
- Failure to wean
- Normal CN
- Weak facial muscles
Sensory
- Spared
Reflex
- Normal or low
Other
- CK may be up
- Associated with steroids
- Dx with NCS/EMG
- No treatment
67
Q

Critical illness polyneuropathy

A
Motor
- Flaccid quadriparesis
- Distal>proximal
- Failure to wean
- Normal CN
Sensory
- Dec pin prick/touch in distal
Reflexes
- Low
Other
- Sev sepsis risk factor
68
Q

Steroid Induced Myopathy

A
Motor
- 1-3 mos after starting steroids
- Proximal lower>upper limb
- Muscle atrophy
Sensory and Reflexes
- Normal
Other
- Cushing's like syndrome - DM, mood, skin, OP
- Tx - dec steroid dose and improves
69
Q

Risk Factors for critical illness neuropathy/myopathy

A

25% pts vented for at least 7 days
COPD/asthma, liver tx, ARDS, steroid use
Hyperglycemic, hyperthyroid

70
Q

Osmolar gap calculation

A

Serum Osm - Calc Osm

Calc Osm = 2Na + gluc + BUN + 1.25ETOH

71
Q

Sympathetic toxidrome

A

Vitals

  • BP, HR, Temp HIGH
  • RR normal

Eyes = mydriasis (dilated)
Skin = sweat
Mental status = agitated

Ex. cocaine

72
Q

Anticholinergic toxidrome

A
Vitals
- BP, HR, Temp HIGH
- RR normal
Eyes = mydriasis (dilated)
Skin = dry/hot
Mental status = agitated/mad
Ex. Gravol
73
Q

Cholinergic toxidrome

A
Vitals
- BP, HR, Temp LOW
- RR HIGH (low sats)
Eyes = miosis (constricted)
Skin = wet/cool
Mental status = N/A
Ex. organophosphates
74
Q

Opioid toxidrome

A
Vitals
- BP, HR, RR, temp LOW
Eyes = pinpoint (constricted)
Skin = N/A
Mental status = dec LOC
Ex. fentanyl
75
Q

TCA Overdose Symptoms

A
  • TCA is an anticholinergic
  • CVS: HOTN, arrhythmia (sinus tachy, wide QRS –> VT/VF)
  • CNS: dec LOC, agitation, psychosis, delirium, seizures
76
Q

TCA OD Labs

A
  • Serum levels NOT helpful
  • Can detect on URINE tox
  • False positive if quetiapine, Benadryl or cyclobenzaprine
  • Respiratory acidosis
  • ECG
77
Q

TCA ECG

A
  • Wide QRS >100
  • Tall R in AVR
  • Deep slurred S in 1 and AVL
  • Type 1 Brugada - RBBB, downsloping STD in V1-V3
78
Q

TCA OD Treatment

A
  • ABC, MOIF, Poison Control
  • Decontamination - activated charcoal if >2 hrs (slowed gastric emptying) unless dec LOC, perforation or bowel obstruction
  • No inc elimination
  • No antidote
  • May need to tx ALOC/seizures, QTc/arrhythmia
79
Q

TCA LOC management

A
  • GCS 8 intubate
  • Seizures:
    a. Ativan/diazepam
    b. Midazolam infusion
    c. Propofol infusion
    d. Barbiturates

NO PHENYTOIN - cardiac tox

80
Q

TCA HOTN

A

NS or sodium bicarb up to 30 cc/kg

NE if refractory

81
Q

TCA WCT Tx

A
  1. Bicarb 1-2 cc/kg IV –> if QRS narrows start infusion at 250 cc/hr (3 amp in 1L D5)
  2. MgSO4
  3. Lidocaine 1.5 mg/kg bolus then infusion 1-4 mg/min
  4. Lipid emulsion
  5. VA ECMO (not VV)
82
Q

TCA Sodium Bicarb Indications

A
  1. QRS>100, target <120
  2. Ventricular arrhythmia
  3. HOTN
    pH target 7.5-7.55
    Bolus 1-2 amps then infusion 250 cc/hr
83
Q

Ethylene Glycol

A
  • Antifreeze, wiper fluid, cleaners, fuels, moonshine
  • Dec LOC
  • Flank pain, oliguria, hematuria
  • HypoCa
  • CN palsy
    Inv
  • High AG and OG
  • QTc from hypoCa
84
Q

Methanol

A
  • Antifreeze, piper fluid, cleaners, fuels, moonshine
  • Dec LOC
  • Retinal injury = blind
  • RAPD, mydriasis, retinal sheen, hyperaemia optic disc
  • High AG and OG
85
Q

High AG, no OG

A
  • DKA/starvation ketosis
  • Lactic acidosis
  • Tylenol
  • Salicylates
  • Late toxic alcohol
86
Q

High AG, high OG

A
  • Methanol
  • Ethylene glycol
  • Propylene glycol
  • ETOH/DKA
  • ESRD no IHD
87
Q

No AG, high OG

A
  • Isopropyl alcohol
  • Ethanol
  • Sev hyperparaproteinemia/hyperlipidemia
  • Early toxic alcohol
88
Q

Toxic alcohol tx

A
  • ABC, MOIF
  • Decontaminate - no role (maybe NG asp if 60 mins)
  • No treatment
  • Enhanced elimination (methanol) - bicarb bolus then infusion, target pH 7.35
  • ADH
  • HD
  • Folic acid 50 mg q4hr
89
Q

Toxic alcohol tx inhibition

A
  • Inhibit ADH - fomepizole or ethanol
    Indications
  • Methanol >6.2 or Ethylene glycol >3.2
  • Recent hx ingestion of toxic amounts of either with OG>10
  • Suspect ingestion and 2 of: pH <7.3, bicarb <20, OG>10, urine oxalate crystals
90
Q

Toxic alcohol HD

A
  • Definitive therapy
  • Indications:
    1. High AG metabolic acidosis
    2. End organ damage (eye) or renal failure
91
Q

Ethanol level

A

Intoxication 4-10

Account in OG calculation

92
Q

Isopropyl alcohol tx

A

Supportive

93
Q

ASA toxicity Early

A
  • Tinnitus
  • N/V
  • Hyperventilation
  • Fever
94
Q

ASA toxicity late

A
  • Coma/seizures (from cerebral edema)
  • Non cardiogenic pulmonary edema
  • Arrhythmia
  • Thrombocytopenia
  • AKI
95
Q

ASA toxicity glucose

A

Discordance between serum and CSF glucose concentrations
Can have NORMAL serum with LOW CSF
Give 1 amp D50W
Usually once ASA>3

96
Q

ASA tox labs

A
  • Toxic serum level >2.9-3.6
  • Check q2-4 hr
  • Respiratory alkalosis PLUS AGMA
  • If you see resp acidosis think: acute lung injury, CNS depression, mixed overdose (Benzos, alcohol)
97
Q

ASA Overdose Tx - Decontamination

A
  • Activated charcoal 1 g/kg up to 50 g via PO/NG
  • Given within 2 hours - can be longer if enteric coated ASA
  • Consider whole bowel irrigation
  • +/- intubation
98
Q

ASA Overdose Tx - Enhanced elimination

A
  • Alkalinize urine/blood
  • Targets: blood pH 7.4-7.5 and urine 7.5-8
  • Bicarb bolus and infusion 250 cc/hr (watch K, Na, Ca)
  • Correct hypoK first!
99
Q

ASA Overdose Tx - Dialysis

A
Indications:
LA SHARP
- Liver problem with coagulopathy
- ASA >7.2 acute (>3 chronic)
- Sev A-B/lytes
- Hypoxemia
- ALOC
- Renal failure (with level >6.5)
- Progressive deterioration of vitals
100
Q

Serotonin Syndrome

Symptoms and Timing

A
  1. Autonomic: inc HR, inc BP, N/V/D, fever, sweaty
  2. NM: tremor, rigid lower>upper, myoclonus, hyperreflexia, bilateral babinski, ocular clonus
  3. AMS: anxiety, agitated, restless, disoriented
    Onset within 24 hr, off within 24 hr
101
Q

Neuroleptic malignant syndrome

A

FARM
Fever - >38
Autonomic - tachy, labile BP, sweaty, dysrhythmia
Rigidity - lead pipe/cogwheel, NO CLONUS, hyPOreflexia
Mental status - agitated, delirium, catatonia, coma
On days-weeks, off 2 weeks

102
Q

Serotonin Syndrome

Meds

A

Meds: SSRI, TCA, SNRI, NDRI, MAOI, amphetamines, cocaine, MDMA, levodopa, tramadol, meperidine, St. John’s Wart, VPA, triptans, ergot, fentanyl, buspirone

103
Q

Serotonin Syndrome Dx Criteria

A

Hunter Criteria
Take a serotonergic agent and one of:
- Spontaneous clonus
- Ocular clonus
- Inducible clonus + diaphoresis and agitation
- Tremor and hyperreflexia
- Hypertonic + T>38 plus ocular or inducible clonus

104
Q

Serotonin Syndrome Tx

A
  • Stop agent
  • Supportive
  • Sedate with Benzos
  • If fail - cyprohepatadine
105
Q

NMS Meds

A
  • All neuroleptic drugs
  • Quetiapine, clozapine, risperidone, olanzapine
  • Antiemetic - domperidone, metoclopramide, prochlorperazine
106
Q

NMS Tx

A
  1. Stop agent
  2. Supportive
  3. Cooling blankets
  4. Benzos
  5. Dantrolene and bromocriptine
107
Q

Fluid Choices

A
  • Bicarb only for sev AKI/acidosis, pH<7.15

- Albumin is safe but doesn’t affect outcomes much

108
Q

Fluid responsiveness assessment

A
  • CVP very unreliable

- IVC diameter is pretty unreliable

109
Q

Dexmedetomidine

A
  • Central acting adrenergic alpha 2
  • Sedating and calming while maintaining rousal
  • SFx: bradycardia, HOTN
110
Q

ACLS Compression Rate

A

100-120 bpm

111
Q

ACLS Chest compression depth

A

5-6 cm
Allow recoil
Use backboard

112
Q

Defibrillate in shockable rhythm

A

ASAP

113
Q

Interruptions in CPR

A
  • Intubation shouldn’t interrupt

- No more than 10 sec interruption at a time

114
Q

ACLS naloxone

A

Reasonable adjunct to give if suspected opioid associated emergency

115
Q

ACLS local anesthetic toxicity

A

Lipid emulsion can be given or if other drug toxicities

116
Q

Amiodarone/Lidocaine in ACLS

A

Can give if VF/pulseless VT not responding to defibrillation

117
Q

ACLS Magnesium

A

Not recommended routinely unless torsades

118
Q

ACLS beta blocker

A

No evidence to use early

119
Q

ACLS Lidocaine

A

No evidence to use within 1st hour after ROSC

120
Q

ACLS pregnant

A

Manual left uterine displacement
Prioritize airway management
No fetal monitoring
TTM after (monitor fetus)

121
Q

Pregnant VT with pulse, stable

A

Cardioversion: electric, anti arrhythmic, overdrive pacing
Non long QT monomorphic: sotolol or procainamide
Long QT: beta blocker

122
Q

Pregnant VT with pulse, unstable

A

Cardioversion - synch, safe, may cause fetal arrhythmia

If refractory use amiodarone (non QT long, monomorphic), lidocaine if prolonged

123
Q

Pregnant VT/VF no pulse

A

Defibrillate if appropriate
Move uterus off IVC once 20+weeks
Consider PMCD in later half pregnancy and at 4 mins resusc

124
Q

ACLS Advanced airways

A
  • BMV or advanced airway
  • Supraglottic/LMA - OHCA
  • SGA/ETT OHCA high success rate ETT
  • SGA/ETT in hospital
125
Q

ACLS Vasopressors

A

Epi 1 mg q3-5 min if cardiac arrest
ASAP if non shockable
After initial defibrillates attempts if shockable
Can consider vaso but no advantage

126
Q

ACLS Extracorporeal CPR

A

Not enough evidence for routine

Select patients if rescue

127
Q

ACLS Monitor CPR

A

May use arterial BP or ETCO2 if feasible to monitor quality

128
Q

ACLS Double sequential defibrillation

A

Not supported for refractory shockable rhythm

129
Q

ACLS IV access

A

Try for IV before iO

130
Q

Neuroprognostication - poor neuro outcome findings

A
  1. No N2O somatosensory evoked potential cortical wave 24-72 hrs after arrest/rewarming
  2. Motor M1/M2 at 72 hours
  3. Persistent absence of EEG to external stimuli at 72 hrs
  4. Presence of status myoclonus during first 72 hrs
  5. Absent pupillary light reflex 72 hours+
131
Q

Desaturation in Vented Patient

A
  1. Check connections
  2. Disconnect ETT from vent -and bag ventilate to check for resistance
    a. Airway - blocked tube, bronchoconstriction, auto PEEP
    b. Airspace - blood, pus, water, cells, protein
    c. Pleura - PTX, hemothorax, effusion
    d. Vascular - PE
  3. Deep suction
  4. Ausculate - check trachea midline
  5. Check other vitals
  6. CXR
  7. Hx - new line? new blood?
132
Q

Tracheal assessment - ETT migrated

A

Often to R mainstem bronchus

  • Trachea to LEFT
  • Air entry decrease on LEFT
  • Percussion dec on LEFT
133
Q

Tracheal assessment - PTX

A
  • Trachea away from affected lung
  • Air entry decreased on affected side
  • Percussion inc on affected side
  • May have SC emphysema
134
Q

Tracheal assessment - Collapse

A
  • Trachea towards affected side
  • Air entry decreased affected side
  • Percussion decreased affected side
135
Q

Ventilator Issues - hypoxia and hypercapnea management

A
  1. Hypoxia - inc FiO2, inc PEEP, inc sedation and paralyze, proning, ECMO
  2. Hypercapnia - inc RR, inc tidal volume, inc I:E ratio
136
Q

Assessing intubation difficulty

A
  1. Grade 3 upper lip bite test
  2. Combo findings
  3. Short hyomental distance (<3-5.5 cm)
  4. Retrognathia (mandible <9 cm from angle jaw to tip chin)
  5. Mallampati score 3+
137
Q

Hypothermia rewarming stage I

A
32-35 Conscious, shivering
Tx
- Warm environment, clothing
- Active movement
- Warm drinks
138
Q

Hypothermia rewarming stage II

A

28-32 Impaired LOC, not shivering
Tx
- Cardiac monitor
- Minimal movements, horizontal, immobile
- Full body insulation
- Active EXTERNAL (heating pack, blankets)
- Minimally invasive rewarming (warmed IVF)

139
Q

Hypothermia rewarming stage III

A

24-28 Unconscious, not shivering, vital signs present

  • Stage II plus airway PRN
  • ECMO if unstable
140
Q

Hypothermia rewarming stage IV

A

<24 - no vitals

II and III plus CPR, up to 3 doses of epi (IV or IO) and defib

141
Q

Acute liver failure management in the ICU

A
  1. No hydroxyethyl starch for initial fluid
  2. NE first line vasopressor
  3. Viscoelastic testing >INR/plts/fibrinogen
  4. No eltrombopag if TCP before surgery/procedure
  5. Vasopressors if HRS
  6. Target glucoses 110-180
142
Q

ECG Long QT

A

“ANTIS”

  • Antipsychotics
  • Antiemetics
  • Antibiotics
  • Antidepressants (TCA)
  • Antiarrhythmics
  • Electrolytes (hypo)
  • Cocaine
143
Q

ECG TCA Toxicity

A
  1. Tall R in AVR
  2. Deep slurred S in I/AVL
  3. Type 1 Brugada - RBBB with downsloping STD V1-3
  4. QRS >100
  5. Tachycardia
144
Q

Digoxin toxicity ECG findings and sx

A

ECG
1. Tachy (VT/VF) or Brady (2/3 degree HB) arrhythmias
2. Accelerated junctional tachycardia
DON’T give Ca for hyperK

Sx

  • N/V
  • Vision blurry
  • Anorexia

Antidote

  • Digibind
  • Use if arrhythmia not respond to therapy, K>5, end organ dysfunction
145
Q

Dilated pupils

A
  • Anticholinergic
  • Sympathetic - cocaine, amphetamines, hallucinogens
  • TCA
  • Methanol
  • Opioid withdrawal
146
Q

Constricted Pupils

A
  • Cholinergic

- Opioids (pinpoint)

147
Q

Normal pupils

A
  • Hypothermia
  • Barbiturates
  • Antipsychotics
148
Q

Tylenol Toxicity

A

Antedote = NAC

- Liver tx if failure = INR up, pH down, hypoglycaemia, encephalitis

149
Q

ASA Toxicity

A

Acute: tinnitus, N/V, hyperventilation, fever
Long: coma/seizures, ALOC, non cardiogenic pulmonary edema, TCP, AKI

Tx: Bicarb to alkalinize urine and blood, HD (>7.2 acute, >3 chronic)

150
Q

Toxic alcohols summary

A

Methanol (visual), ethylene glycol (kidneys, oxalate urine crystals)
Tx: ethanol, fomepizole

151
Q

Carbon monoxide poisoning

A
  • Fires
  • Normal finger O2 and PaO2 but SAT on ABG low
  • Baseline 3% carboxyHb level in non smokers, 10-15% smokers
    Tx
    1. 100% FiO2
    2. Hyperbaric if: CO-Hb >25%, or 20% if pregnant, fetal distress, pH <7.1, MI, LOC
    3. Intubate if comatose
    4. Tx for cyanide poisoning as well if smoke inhalation
152
Q

Cyanide poisoning

A
  • Smoke inhalation, nitroprusside admin
  • ABG = metabolic acidosis (lactate >8), arterial and venous O2 sats equal
  • High CN level >2.4 resp dep and coma, >3 = death
    Tx
    1. 100% FiO2 and ETT
    2. Cyanokit - hydroxycobalamin
    3. Amyl nitrite, sodium nitrite, sodium thiosulfate
    4. Methylene blue high doses (old, less effective)
    NO DIALYSIS
153
Q

Organophosphate antidote

A

Atropine

154
Q

Opioid antidote

A

Naloxone

- Short t1/2 = use drip

155
Q

Benzo antidote

A

Flumazenil

LOWERS seizure threshold

156
Q

BB/CCB antidote

A

Glucagon

High dose insulin (infusion with dextrose)

157
Q

GHB tx

A

supportive care

158
Q

INH antidote

A

Vit B6

159
Q

Lithium overdose

A
Therapeutic 0.6-1.2
Sx
- N/V/D
- Inc WBC
- CNS sx late
- ECG - ST waves flat in precordial, QTc prolong, brady
Tx
1. Decontamination - can try WBI (SR, sx, unknown amount, <6 hr, >40 mg/kg)
2. IHD if:
- Arrhythmia
- Seizures/AMS
- Serum 5+
- Serum 4+ if Cr >176
3. IVF
160
Q

Organophosphate poisoning symptoms

A
  • Insecticides
  • Reversing NM
  • Tx MG
  • Alzheimers

Muscarinic - DUMBELS

  • Diaphoresis, diarrhea
  • Urination
  • Miotic pupils
  • Bronchospasm, bronchorrhea, bradycardia
  • Emesis
  • Lacrimation
  • Salivation

Nicotinic - MATCH

  • Muscle weakness
  • Adrenergic stimulation - mydriasis
  • Tachycardia
  • CNS
  • HTN
161
Q

Organophosphate delayed neuropathy

A

1-3 weeks after ingestion
Stocking and glove parenthesis
Painful
Then get symmetrical motor polyneuropathy - flaccid weakness of lower extremities

162
Q

Organophosphate poisoning tx

A
  1. 100% FiO2, intubate
  2. IVF if HOTN
  3. Well vented area
  4. Atropine if miosis, sweating, HOTN, resp distress, bradycardia