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Neuro Week 1 > ICL 2.1: Skull/Cranial Vault Anatomy > Flashcards

ICL 2.1: Skull/Cranial Vault Anatomy Flashcards

1
Q

what are the sections of the cranial fossa?

A

anterior, middle and posterior fossas

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2
Q

what are the bony landmarks on the frontal bone?

A

supraorbital notch

the supraorbital arch contains the supraorbital foramen

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3
Q

what are the foramina of the frontal bone?

A
  1. supraorbital foramen

2. supraorbital notch

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4
Q

what passes through the supraorbital notch?

A
  1. supraorbital artery
  2. supraorbital vein
  3. V1 = ophthalmic division of the trigeminal nerve

the supraorbital notch is part of the frontal bone

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5
Q

what bones does the frontal bone articulate with?

A
  1. it articulates anteriorly with the nasal bone (glabella) and zygomatic bone
  2. it articulates with the lacrimal, ethmoid and sphenoid bones to form the roof of the orbit
  3. it articulates with the parietal bones at the coronal suture
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6
Q

what is the suture between the frontal bone and parietal bone called?

A

coronal suture

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7
Q

where is the frontal sinus located?

A

in-between the orbits

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8
Q

what is the function of sinuses?

A

they help lighten the weight of the skull

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9
Q

why do sinus infections need to be treated?

A

for example, right behind the frontal sinus is the brain

so if a sinus infection is untreated it can erode through the bone and get into the cranial vault and damage the brain!

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10
Q

what is the suture between the 2 parietal bones?

A

sagital suture

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11
Q

what is the suture between the parietal and temporal bone?

A

squamosal suture

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12
Q

what are the 4 important sutures in the skull?

A
  1. sagittal suture
  2. coronal suture
  3. lambdoidal suture
  4. squamous suture
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13
Q

what is the suture between the parietal and occipital bone?

A

lambdoidal suture

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14
Q

which skull bone contains the sensory apparatus for hearing and balance?

A

temporal bone

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15
Q

what are the three parts of the temporal bone?

A
  1. squamous
  2. petrous
  3. zygomatic
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16
Q

what is the squamous part of the temporal bone?

A

the squamous part makes up part of the cranium

it also houses the middle meningeal grooves which the middle meningeal artery runs through

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17
Q

what do you have to be worried about with the squamous part of the temporal bone?

A

squamous segment fractures commonly result in epidural hematoma!!

the squamous portion is thin so if you get hit on the side of your head, you’ll damage the middle meningeal artery which runs through the middle meningeal grooves of the squamous portion

this will lead to an epidural hematoma on the surface of the brain which increases the pressure inside the skull and compresses the brain tissue leading to coma, seizure, etc.

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18
Q

what is the petrous part of the temporal bone?

A

the petrous segment contains the sensory and most of the vascular structures

it has all the components important for hearing!

it contains mastoid air cells, mastoid process, stylomastoid foramen, auditory canals, cochlea, vestibule, middle ear, ossicles, tympanic membrane, carotid canal, jugular foramen

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19
Q

which bones does the temporal bone articulate with?

A
  1. parietal bone
  2. sphenoid bones
  3. occipital
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20
Q

what is the function of the petrous portion of the temporal bone?

A

it’s hard and protects the inner/middle ear

it’s insanely thick!!! and it’s the more medial portion of the temporal bone

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21
Q

what is the function of the squamous portion of the temporal bone?

A

eh, it’s really thin and flat and vulnerable….

it’s the more lateral portion of the temporal bone

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22
Q

what are the 3 bony landmarks of the temporal bone?

A
  1. mastoid process
  2. styloid process
  3. mandibular fossa
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23
Q

what is the function of the mastoid process?

A

the mastoid process is bony landmark of the temporal bone

the mastoid process is the bony prominence that you can feel behind your ear

it’s where air cells are and where the sternocleidomastoid attaches

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24
Q

what is the function of the mandibular fossa?

A

it accommodates the mandible at the temporomandibular joint (TMJ)

*can’t see in the picture

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25
Q

which foramen is in the anterior fossa and its contents pass onto the temporal bone?

A

the foramen spinosum

the middle meningeal artery passes through the foramen spinosum and then goes into the grooves!

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26
Q

what are the 4 foramen associated with the temporal bone?

A
  1. external auditory meatus
  2. internal auditory meatus
  3. stylomastoid foramen
  4. carotid canal
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27
Q

what is the function of the external auditory meatus?

A

its a foramina of the temporal bone

it is the opening to the ear! it’s what you stick q-tips into

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28
Q

what passes through the stylomastoid foramen?

A

the motor branch of CN 7

the stylomastoid foramen is part of the temporal bone

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29
Q

what passes through the carotid canal?

A

the internal carotid artery

the carotid canal is part of the temporal bone

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30
Q

what passes through the internal acoustic meatus?

A

cranial nerves 7 and 8

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31
Q

what are the 3 compartments of the auditory canal?

A
  1. external auditory canal
  2. middle ear
  3. inner ear
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32
Q

what are ossicles?

A

the small bones of the middle ear!

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33
Q

what are the 3 bones of the middle ear?

A

outer-most
1. malleus (articulates with tympanic membrane)

  1. incus
  2. stapes

inner-most

**petrous portion of the temporal bone is what is protecting these bones

go look at pictures of them in CT scans slide 25

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34
Q

where is the sphenoid bone located?

A

it’s like in the crack between the temporal bone and the front of the skull

it’s a bat-shaped bone with two pairs of wings and two pairs of feet

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35
Q

what are the two portions of the sphenoid bone?

A
  1. greater wing

2. lesser wing

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36
Q

what is the lateral process of the sphenoid bone? which cranial fossa is it part of?

A

the lateral processes are seen more laterally and form the greater wings

it’s the more posterior portion of the sphenoid bone and are part of the medial cranial fossa

37
Q

what is the medial process of the sphenoid bone? which cranial fossa is it part of?

A

the medial processes are smaller and seen more medial

they form the lesser wings of the sphenoid bone and are part of the anterior cranial fossa

38
Q

which foramen are in the greater wings of the sphenoid bone?

A
  1. foramen ovale
  2. foramen spinosum
  3. foramen rotundum
39
Q

what is the fossa in the greater wing of the sphenoid bone?

A

hypophyseal fossa

40
Q

what is the hypophyseal fossa?

A

the hypophyseal fossa is part of the sella turcica of the sphenoid bone

the hypophyseal fossa is where the pituitary gland resides!

sidenote: the dorsa sillae is the back part of the hypophyseal fossa

41
Q

what are the bony landmarks of the sphenoid bone?

A
  1. inferior processes = lateral/medial pterygoid plates
  2. sella turcica –> includes the hypophyseal fossa for pituitary gland
  3. anterior and posterior clinoid processes
  4. medial pteryoid plate (hamulus) and lateral pterygoid plate
42
Q

what is the function of the sphenoid sinus?

A

the sphenoid sinus is often used to access pituitary tumors for resection via a trans-nasal/trans-sphenoidal approach

this is because the sphenoid sinus is right behind the nasal cavity so doctors will go through the nose and through the sphenoid sinus to get to the brain!

43
Q

what is the anterior clinoid process?

A

it’s part of the lesser wing of the sphenoid bone

it makes up the anterior ridge of the sella turcica

44
Q

what are the foramen of the sphenoid bone?

A
  1. superior orbital fissure
  2. optical canal
  3. foramen ovale
  4. foramen spinosum
  5. foramen rotundum
45
Q

what passes through the superior orbital fissure?

A

cranial nerves 3, 4 and V1

the superior orbital fissure is a foramen of the sphenoid bone

46
Q

what passes through the optic canal?

A

cranial nerve 2

the optic canal is a foramen of the sphenoid bone

47
Q

what passes through the foramen ovale?

A

cranial nerve V3

foramen ovale is a foramen of the sphenoid bone

48
Q

what passes through the formamen spinosum?

A

middle meningeal artery

the foramen spinosum is a foramen of the sphenoid bone

49
Q

what passes through the foramen rotundum?

A

cranial nerve V2

50
Q

what is Mekel’s cave?

A

it’s part of the sphenoid bone and it contains the dorsal root ganglion of the trigeminal nerve

51
Q

what is the pterion?

A

it’s the junction of the greater wing of the sphenoid with squamous, temporal, frontal and parietal sutures

it overlies the middle meningeal artery!!!

it’s where the temporal, frontal, parietal and sphenoid bone all meet and overlie the middle meningeal artery**

slide 40

52
Q

what does the occipital bone articulate with?

A

it articulates with parietal bones at lambdoidal suture

53
Q

what are the bony landmarks of the occipital bone?

A
  1. external occipital protuberance
  2. superior nuchal line
  3. inferior nucal lines

^all important attachment sites for muscles

  1. basilar part
  2. clivus
  3. internal occipital protuberance
  4. sulcus for transverse sinus
54
Q

what is the basilar part?

A

part of the occipital bone that serves as the midline between the two occipital condyles

the occipital condyles are what allow your head to sit on C1!

55
Q

what is the clivus?

A

your occipital bone + sphenoid bone that leads straight to the foramen magna

**lauka loves to tag this in lab

56
Q

where are the hypoglossal canals located and what passes through them?

A

they are located on the edges of the foramen magnum

the hypoglossal nerve passes through this to innervate the tongue muscles

57
Q

what are the foramina of the occipital bone?

A
  1. foramen magnum
  2. jugular foramen
  3. hypoglossal canal
58
Q

what passes through the foramen magnum?

A
  1. spinal cord
  2. vertebral arteries
  3. anterior/posterior spinal arteries
  4. CN 11
59
Q

what passes through the jugular foramen?

A
  1. internal jugular vein

2. CN 9, 10, 11

60
Q

what passes through the hypoglossal canal?

A

cranial nerve 12

61
Q

what is the ethmoid bone?

A

it’s the most deeply situated bone of the skull – it’s like straight behind your nose

it forms the superior and middle nasal conchae

62
Q

what are the bony landmarks of the ethmoid bone?

A
  1. crista galli

2. perpendicular plate

63
Q

what is the perpendicular plate?

A

it’s part of the ethmoid bone and it forms the nasal septum

64
Q

what is the function of the crista galli?

A

it’s part of the ethmoid bone and it provides attachment for dura mater

65
Q

what is the foramina found in the ethmoid bone and what passes through it?

A

cribriform plate

CN I passes through it

66
Q

what are the nasal bones?

A

two small bones the form the bridge of the nose

they attach inferiorly to cartilage which makes up most of the nose

67
Q

what does the maxillae bone articulate with?

A

it articulates with all bones of the face *except mandible!!

it serve as the keystone of the face

it also forms the inferior border of the orbits

68
Q

what are the bony landmarks of the maxillae?

A
  1. alveolar processes (for the teeth to attach to)

2. anterior nasal spine

69
Q

what are the foramina of the maxillae and what passes through?

A

infraorbital foramina

CN V2 passes through = infraorbital vessels and nerve

70
Q

what is the function of the nasal conchae?

A

they’re part of the ethmoid bone and they humidify the air in the nose

71
Q

what is the zygomatic bone?

A

it forms the prominence of the cheek – aka the cheek bone!

it also forms the lateral wall of the orbit and it the major protection for the eye!

72
Q

what does the zygomatic bone articulate with?

A
  1. frontal
  2. sphenoid
  3. maxillae
  4. temporal bones
73
Q

what are the palatine bones?

A

aka the roof of your mouth!

there are two of them and they articulate with each other to form the hard palate

74
Q

which foramina are in the palatine bones?

A
  1. greater palatine foramen
  2. lesser palatine foramen
  3. incisive fossa
75
Q

what passes through the incisive fossa?

A

nasopalatine nerves

the incisive fossa is a foramina in the palatine bones

76
Q

what are the 3 parts of the mandible?

A
  1. body
  2. ramus
  3. angle
77
Q

what are the bony landmarks of the mandible?

A
  1. coronoid process
  2. condylar process
  3. mandibular notch (the hole between the condylar process and coronoid process)
78
Q

what are the foramina of the mandible?

A
  1. mental foramen

2. mandibular formamen

79
Q

what passes through the mental foramen?

A

CN V3 = mental nerve and its vessels

the mental foramen is a foramen of the mandible

80
Q

what passes through the mandibular foramen?

A

the inferior alveolar nerve = V3 and its vessels

81
Q

which nerve do dentists target to numb the jaw?

A

they target the mandibular foramen which contains the inferior alveolar nerve

82
Q

what is the inferior nasal conchae?

A

it’s its own bone!!! unlike the superior and middle conchae which are part of the ethmoid bone

it project medially from the lateral walls of the nasal cavity

83
Q

what is the vomer bone?

A

a small, plowshare-shaped bone which contributes to the medial wall of the nasal cavities

84
Q

which bones form the anterior fossa of the skull?

A
  1. frontal
  2. ethmoid
  3. lesser wing of the sphenoid bone
85
Q

which bones form the middle fossa of the skull?

A
  1. greater wings of the sphenoid

2. squamous and petrous portion of the temporal bone

86
Q

what are the foramina of the anterior cranial fossa and what passes through them?

A
  1. foramen cecum = nasal emissary vein (1% of population)
  2. cribriform formalina in cribriform plate = axons of olfactory cells in olfactory epithelium that form olfactory nerves
  3. anterior and posterior ethmoidal foramina = vessels and nerves with the same names
87
Q

what are the foramina of the middle cranial fossa and what passes through them?

A
  1. optical canals = optic nerves and ophthalmic arteries
  2. superior orbital fissure = ophthalmic veins, CN 3, 4, V1, 6 and sympathetic fibers
  3. formamen rotundum = maxillary nerve CNV2
  4. foramen ovale = mandibular nerve CNV3 and accessory meningeal artery
  5. foramen spinosum = middle meningeal artery and vein and meningeal branch of CNV3
  6. foramen lacrem = deep petrosal nerve and some meningeal arterial branches and small veins
  7. groove of the greater petrosal nerve = greater petrosal nerve and petrosal branch of the middle meningeal artery
88
Q

what are the foramina of the posterior cranial fossa and what passes through them?

A
  1. foramen magnum = medulla and meninges, vertebral arteries, CN 11, dural veins, anterior and posterior spinal arteries
  2. jugular foramen = CN 9, 10, 11, superior bulb of internal jugular vein, inferior petrosal and sigmoid sinuses, meningeal branches of ascending pharyngeal and occipital arteries
  3. hypoglossal canal = hypoglossal nerve CN 12
  4. condylar canal = emissary vein that passes from sigmoid sinus to vertebral veins in neck
  5. mastoid foramen = mastoid emissary vein from sigmoid sinus and meningeal branch of occipital artery
89
Q

what do sutures start out as?

A

fontanelles

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