ICL 11.0: Muscles of the Face & Infratemporal Flashcards
what are the 5 groups of muscles of the face?
- epicranial group
- circumorbital and palpebral group
- auricular group
- nasal group
- buccolabial group
which muscles are in the epicranial group?
- epicranius aka occipitofrontalis
2. temporoparietalis
which muscles are in the circumorbital and palpebral group?
- orbicularis oculi
- levator palpebrae superioris
- corrugator supercilii
which muscles are in the auricular group?
- auricularis anterior
- auricularis superior
- auricularis posterior
which muscles are in the nasal group?
- procerus
- nasalis
- depressor septi
which muscles are the buccolabial group?
- orbicularis oris
- levator labii superioris
- levator Labii superioris alaeque nasi
- risorius
- zygomaticus major
- zygomaticus minor
- mentalis
- levator anguli oris
- depressor labii inferioris
- depressor anguli oris
- buccinator
where do facial muscles originate and attach too?
they arise from the facial bones and attached to the skin or encircle facial orifices
what is the innvervation of the facial muscles?
all of them are innervated by the facial nerve
EXCEPT levator palpebrae superiors which is innervated by the oculomotor nerve
what is the route of the facial nerve?
it leaves the skull through stylomastoid foramen, and soon pierces the parotid gland
within the parotid gland, it ramifies into terminal branches which leave the parotid gland from the different borders and run in the superficial fascia of the face to reach their target muscles
this is very close to the TMJ so it is at risk if there is a fracture/dislocation of TMJ
what are the 7 branches of the facial nerve?
- greater petrosal nerve
- nerve to the stapedius
- chorda tympani
- osterior auricular
- nerve to posterior belly of digastric muscle
- nerve to stylohyoid
- five terminal branches for the muscles of facial expression
what are the 5 terminal branches of the facial nerve?
- temporal
- zygomatic
- buccal
- marginal mandibular
- cervical
“To Zanzibar By Motor Car”
what is facial palsy?
aka Bell’s Palsy
it is a type of facial paralysis that results in an inability to control the facial muscles on the affected side
symptoms may include include muscle twitching, weakness, or total loss of the ability to move one or rarely both sides of the face, drooping of the eyelid, a change in taste, pain around the ear, and increased sensitivity to sound
cause is unknown
what are the symptoms of Bell’s palsy?
- paralysis of the orbiculares oculi which leads to an inability to close the eye –> serious issue because it leads to eye dryness and corneal ulceration
- paralysis of the orbicularis oris = angle of the mouth sags in the affected side, and there may be drooling in that side
- paralysis of the buccinator = accumulation of food between the cheek and the teeth on the affected side; flattened nasolabial fold on effected side
what is the arterial supply of the face? what is the route that is takes?
- facial artery
2. superficial temporal artery
what is the route of the facial artery?
its a branch of the external carotid artery
it runs part of its course in the digastric triangle and reach the face at the lower anterior angle of the masseter where its pulse can be palpated
it kind of travels through the mouth up the nose to the eye where it ends near the medial angle of the orbit by becoming the angular artery
what are the branches of the facial artery?
- ascending palatine
- tonsillar
- inferior labial*
- superior labial*
- lateral nasal*
what is the route of the superficial temporal artery?
it’s one of the terminal branches of the external carotid artery (the other is the maxillary artery)
it arises inside the parotid gland near the neck of mandible, runs upward and crosses the zygomatic arch and runs in the superficial fascia of the face, supply the skin of face and part of the scalp
it basically runs up the side of the face infant of the ear
you can feel its pulse at the tragus
what are the branches of the superficial temporal artery?
- transverse facial (it goes and anatomoses with the facial artery)
- frontal (anterior branch)
- parietal (posterior branch)
which veins drain the face?
facial vein
the supraorbital and supratrochlear veins form the angular vein at the root of the nose –> the angular vein descend over the medial side of orbit to become the facial vein at the lower side of the medial margin of the orbit
then the facial veins descends and in the digastric triangle it joins the anterior division of the retromandibular vein to form the common facial vein
the common facial vein then drains into the internal jugular vein
how does the facial vein communicate with the cavernous sinus?
the facial vein communicates with cavernous sinus through two routes
- superior and inferior ophthalmic veins connect the angular vein in the orbital region to the cavernous sinus
- the deep facial veins between the nose and mouth connect the facial vein to the pterygoid plexus of veins which, in turn, connects to the cavernous sinus
what is cavernous sinus thrombophlebitis?
the dangerous triangle of the face = the triangle formed by the nose and mouth
face infections in the area of the dangerous triangle could cause facial vein phlebitis with secondary thrombophlebitis (blood clot) in the internal jugular vein
infected thrombi may reach to cavernous sinus, causing thrombophlebitis of cavernous sinus which may lead to:
- exophthalmos = bulging eyeball
- diplopia/ophthalmoplegia = double vision
- mydriasis and loss of near vision reflexes
- pain, paresthesia or loss of sensation in the distribution of ophthalmic or maxillary divisions of trigeminal nerve
- death
what are the 3 pairs of salivary glands?
- parotid
- submandibular
- sublingual
which salivary gland is the largest?
parotid
the parotid glad is surrounded by a tough capsule (parotid sheath), derived from the investing layer of the deep cervical fascia
what is the function of the parotid gland?
it’s a salivary gland drains saliva through the parotid duct
it’s located under the ear and anterior to the sternocleidomastoid