ICL 2.1: Child Development Flashcards
what is attachment?
attachment behavior is any behavior that has a predictable outcome of increasing the proximity of the child to an attachment figure
is the strong affectionate tie we have with special people in our lives
what are the signs of attachment?
- looking, smiling, vocalizing, greeting
- crying, clinging
- approaching, following
- social referencing
- separation anxiety
- stranger anxiety
what is social referencing?
involves looking to caregiver to determine how to respond in new or ambiguous situations
6 months+
it’s a sign of attachment!
what is separation anxiety?
refers to severe stress that occurs when a child is separated from their caregiver
it’s a sign of attachment!
what is stranger anxiety?
when infants become anxious and fearful in the presence of a stranger especially when caregiver is not close or when caregiver does not respond positively to stranger
depends on temperament of infant, past experiences with strangers, and current situation
once it occurs, infants use caregivers as a secure base in that they will explore environment around them and will frequently check in with caregiver
what was the Ainsworth Strange Situation?
it’s the best known measurement of attachment on 12-24 mo. old infants/toddlers
researchers took infants through 8 brief separations and reunions with the parent then observed the infants’ responses to the situations to classify their attachment patterns:
- secure attachment
- insecure/ambivalent attachment
- insecure/avoidant attachment
- disorganized/disoriented attachment
what is secure attachment?
a securely attached infant is mildly upset at mother’s absence and actively seeks contact with her upon her return
these mothers consistently meet the needs of their kids and are warm and approachable
65% of kids
what is insecure/ambivalent attachment?
this infant becomes very upset at mother’s absence but is ambivalent when mother returns and may become angry and resist attempts at physical contact
these mothers tend to be moody
10-15% of kids
what is insecure/avoidant attachment?
this infant shows very little upset upon mother’s absence and avoids or ignores her when she returns
these mothers tend to be impatient, unresponsive and at the other extreme provide their infants with too much stimulation by being overly intrusive and can’t read when their kids are upset
20% of kids
what is disorganized/disoriented attachment?
these infants shows fear of their caregivers, confused facial expressions, and a variety of other disorganized attachment behaviors
i.e., greeting mother upon return but then turning away from her
this is the worst kind of attachment! 80% of these kids have been mistreated in some way either by abuse or neglect…
5-10% of kids
what is the trend seen with insecure attachments as the kids get older?
insecure attachments are frequently associated with later behavior problems
what is the trend seen with disorganized/disoriented attachments as the kids get older?
patterns also remains highly stable and is predictive of externalizing behaviors, especially aggressive behaviors
what is temperament?
refers to a person’s basic disposition, which influences how they respond to a certain situation –> plays a role in a child’s attachment to their parent
appears to be affected by heredity and may be apparent at birth
predictive of later personality and adjustment!
- the easy child
- the difficult child
- the slow to warm up child
what is the easy child?
- positive moods
- regular sleeping and eating patterns
- adapts easily to change
- positive approach to novelty
more likely to have secure attachments due to positive mood and adaptability which helps facilitate the bond with parent because the parent wants to be around the kid which may impact attachment
40% of kids
what is the difficult child?
- negative moods
- unpredictable sleeping and eating
- resists change
- intense emotional reactions
more likely to actively resist comfort from caregiver, which may impact attachment –-> parents may be discouraged from establishing a nurturing relationship which may impact attachment
10% of kids
what is the slow to warm up child?
- more inactive
- low-key reactions to environmental stimuli
- somewhat negative moods
- takes time to adjust to change and new people
infants may be less responsive to parental behaviors directed toward them, which may reduce attachment behaviors from caregiver towards infants – may lead away from secure attachments
15% of kids
what is the goodness-of-fit model?
the degree of match between parents’ behaviors and child’s temperament that contributes to outcome of a child’s behavior
due to imperfect correlation, attachment is most likely impacted by goodness of fit model between the infant’s temperament and environment
so this involves creating child-rearing environments that recognize each child’s temperament while encouraging more adaptive functioning –> this is what parent-teaching programs are for! you can teach parents to interact with their children better; if you have a super moody child you can work with the parent to teach them to be patient, calm and sensitive to help reduce the difficult temperament of the kid
what leads to better outcomes with daycare?
- high quality environment
- high staff to low child ratio
- small group size
- less hours spent in daycare
- reduced staff turnover and/or fewer caregivers
- knowledgeable and sensitive caregivers
these all help to promote a secure attachment with parents
what is Baumrind’s theory of parenting style?
Baumrind developed theory on the impact of parenting style on child development and adult personality too
he said there were 4 different styles and they were predictive of specific personality and behavioral outcomes for children and adolescents
the 4 styles were based on 2 dimensions of parenting = responsivity (warmth) and demandingness (control)
- authoritarian
- authoritative
- passive
- neglectful
what are the 4 parenting styles according to Baumrind?
- authoritarian
- authoritative
- permissive
- rejecting-neglecting
what is the authoritarian parenting style?
parents display a low level of warmth and high control towards their children
they impose absolute standards of conduct, stress obedience, and use coercive techniques to gain compliance like threats, deprivation, physical punishment
“my way or the highway” type of parents and kids tend to be more scared of their parents than expect them
their children are often irritable, aggressive, and have a reduced sense of responsibility and low levels of self-esteem
what is the authoritative parenting style?
parents display high warmth with rational control
establishes consistent family rules and sets firm limits
encourages open discussion and clear communication to explain and clarify rules and when justified revise the rules
use of praise and reasoning to gain compliance and promote independence
children are assertive, self-confident, socially responsible, and achievement oriented
best parenting style! and leads to the development of a social conscious aka you’re raising kids to care about others because the parents themselves are warm and caring
what is the permissive parenting style?
parents are warm and caring, but make few demands
permissive model avoids rules entirely –> they want to be their kid’s best friends and they never say no
children are impulsive, self-centered, easily frustrated, and low in achievement and independence
what is the rejecting-neglecting parenting style?
parents display low warmth and control, and may be overly hostile towards child
children often have low self-esteem, are impulsive, moody, and aggressive
research has found a high correlation between parental lack of supervision and inconsistent punishment and adolescent juvenile delinquency
how does the brain develop when you’re a kid?
fibers linking the cerebellum to the cerebral cortex grow – causes improvements in motor coordination
especially rapid growth from 3 to 6 years in frontal-lobe area – causes improvements on tasks that depend on the frontal cortex (i.e., inhibiting impulses)
what is the difference between receptive and expressive language?
receptive = language as it is understood
expressive = language as it is spoken
receptive language precedes expressive language!
what is the progression of language development from birth to 1 year aka in infants?
birth = crying, grunting
2-4 months = cooing, vowel-like sounds
6 months = babbling, consonant + vowel
1 year = first words, correct sounds
what is the best predictor of a child’s vocabulary?
best predictor of child’s vocabulary is how many words spoken by parent to child in very early childhood
12 to 36 months is a significant time for language development –> there is rapid growth of the left cerebral hemisphere where language is typically based
when does receptive language develop?
8-12 months old
between the ages of 1.5 and 6, children learn over 14,000 words
when does expressive language develop?
10-16 months old
words are usually 1-2 syllables long
the first 50 words appear slowly but then after that words are added at a very high rate
what language developments occur while a child is a toddler?
- rapid growth of left cerebral hemisphere where language is based
- expressive and receptive language
what language developments occur while a child is in preschool?
communicative phrases should be used between ages 2 and 3
ages 3 to 6 is also a time for significant language development – longer sentences form
what language developments occur while a child is in elementary school?
- pragmatics aka social skills
- conversational skills
- by 6 they can retell stories
- by 8 children can hold topics for multiple turns
- by 9 they can repair conversational breakdowns
when should a child be referred for speech and hearing evaluation?
- if less than 3 words by 15 months
- less than 25 words at 24 months of age
- children between the ages of 2 and 3 with obvious vocabulary deficits, deficits in making sounds, or not speaking in sentences
note: males are more than 3 times as likely to have a language delay
what are the sleep needs of an infant, toddler, pre-schooler and elementary school aged kid?
infant (4-12 months) = 12-16 hours
toddler (1-2 years) = 11-14 hours
pre-school (3-5 years) = 10-13 hours
school aged (6-12 years = 9-12 hours
what is the importance of play? what skills does it help develop?
- language
- attention
- memory
- reasoning
- imagination
- creativity
- ability to reflect on one’s own thinking
- control one’s own behavior
- take another’s perspective
- social skills
what are the 3 types of play?
- parallel play
- associative play
- cooperative play
ALL kids need time to play so don’t just have a bunch of structured activities all day long
what is parallel play?
solitary play next to each other with little or no interaction between them
ages 2.5-3 years old
what is associative play?
playing with same toy in pairs, but without real interaction
both playing with blocks but doing their own thing
by 3 years old
what is cooperative play?
real interactions between children and turn taking
by age 4
when do kids develop peer relationships?
children as early as 18 mos. show preferences for a specific playmate and by 3-4 yrs., most children have at least one mutual friend
early friendships during toddler, preschool, and school aged years involves same sex peers
the importance of friendships increase significantly with school-aged children
what is the purpose of the Head Start program?
it’s for children with low SES
it’s 1-2 years of free preschool with nutritional and health services
try to promote parent involvement in child’s education and health
what are the outcomes seen with kids participating in the Head Start program?
- significantly higher IQ and achievement scores than controls during the first two to three years of elementary school
- continued superior scores on measures of school adjustment / achievement
- less likely to be placed in special education or retained in grade
- greater number graduate from high school
- demonstrated cost-effectiveness because of reduced wellfare, teen pregnancy, etc.
what are the effects of media use on kids?
- obesity
- poorer reading achievement
- violence/aggression
- sleep problems
- speech delays
however, educational programs/apps can be helpful in early childhood, especially for low SES/children with uninvolved parents
T/F: attachment patterns can change over time
true
babies can move from insecure to secure attachment if parents are supported –> we see this a lot with teen parents that don’t have those skills initially but if they’re taught certain behaviors to facilitate attachment
also stressful household, unsafe environment, etc if they are improved and more resources are given to a parent, the kid can improve in attachment
which 2 parenting styles produce similar types of children?
permissive and authoritarian
permissive avoid the rules while authoritarian inconsistently enforce the rules but both kids are low achievers and have low responsibility and high impulsivity
T/F: having an imaginary friend is evidence of abnormal child development
false
it’s normal and imaginary friends appear in preschool and usually in only children or high IQ
usually disappear by 10 when peer relationships really develop
what age does the american academy of pediatrics recommend that parents wait to introduce screens time?
no kids under the age of 2
unfortunately this isn’t actually happening and kids are getting iPads and tablets under 12 months….
if you’re going to let your child watch a screen under 2, you should watch it with them and it needs to be high quality programing
