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BIO224 - ichthyology > ichthyology intro > Flashcards

ichthyology intro Flashcards

1
Q

how many extant fish species are there and why

A

> 35,400
- Very big environment - ca. 70% Earth’s surface is covered by water
- Fish are old
- Fish are paraphyletic

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2
Q

how many species are freshwater

A

> 13,000 spp

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3
Q

5 layers of ocean depth

A

Epipelagic surface to 200m
Mesopelagic 200m to 1,000m
Bathypelagic 1,000m to 4,000m
Abyssopelagic 4,000m to 6,000m
Hadal Below 6,000m

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4
Q

what’s the deepest part of the ocean called and how deep is it

A

mariana trench - 11km

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5
Q

why do no fish exist in the deepest 25% of the oceans (deeper than 8,400 m)

A

Hydrostatic pressure can have severe effects on protein formation - Tri-methylamine N-oxide (TMAO) stabilises proteins - TMAO concentration increases in fish tissues with increasing depth

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6
Q

why are fish so old

A

Longer to adapt

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7
Q

what are jawless vertabrates called and what classes are in there

A

Agnathans
- Class DIPLORHINA (Double nostril - all extinct)
- Class CEPHALASPIDOMORPHI (previously known as Monorhina or single nostril) - most extinct, 48 extant spp.

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8
Q

what orders are apart of Agnathans

A
  • Order Petromyzontiformes – lampreys (Class MYXINI (also have a single nostril) - most extinct )
  • Order Myxiniformes - hagfish, 88 extant spp.
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9
Q

lamprey characteristics

A
  • Mainly freshwater
  • Most are ectoparasites
  • Some have adult life in sea, returning to freshwater to breed -> anadromy (anadromous)
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10
Q

what is anadromy (anadromous)

A

have adult life in sea, returning to freshwater to breed

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11
Q

what is Diadromy (diadromous)

A

migration between freshwater + seawater
The principal feeding and growing biome differs from the reproductive biome

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12
Q

what is Catadromy (catadromous)

A

fish that live in freshwater and return to sea to breed

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13
Q

hagfish characteristics

A
  • All marine, benthic scavengers
  • No adhesive sucker, but rasping ‘tongue’
  • Only vertebrate with blood isotonic to seawater
  • No vertebrae!
  • Famous for producing slime – v effective defence
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14
Q

what are vertebrates with jaws called

A

Natha

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15
Q

what does a Hypothetical intermediate condition of a fish jaw include

A
  • Premandibular arch
  • Mandibular arch (upper portion + lower portion)
  • Hyoid arch - remains as hyoid arch –> difference between fishes + tetrapods is how this arch is associated with the cranium (hanging off or attatched)
  • Pharyngeal clefts remain as gill slits
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16
Q

what’s the Premandibular arch

A

frontal arch - lost through evolution

17
Q

what’s the Mandibular arch and the upper and lower portion

A

becomes biting jaws
- upper portion = palatoquadrate cartilage
- lower portion = Meckel’s (or mandibular) cartilage

18
Q

what’s the Hyoid arch

A

remains as hyoid arch –> difference between fishes + tetrapods is how this arch is associated with the cranium (hanging off or attatched)

19
Q

main difference between fishes + tetrapods

A

how the hyoid arch is associated with the cranium (hanging off or attatched)

20
Q

what are Pharyngeal clefts

A

remain as gill slits

21
Q

what parts of the hypothetical intermediate condition of a fish do Chondrichthyans posses

A
  • Hyoid arch suspends hyomandibular arch from cranium – no direct contact – jaws are mobile
    -upper part = palato-quadrate
    -lower part - ceratohyal
  • 1st gill slit becomes Spiracle
22
Q

how is the hyoid arch associated with the cranium in fishes + tetrapods

A

fishes = not fused to the skull (mobile)
tetrapods = fused to skull

23
Q

what is Amphistyly

A
  • Primitive condition, all from fossil record
  • Support from autostyles and hyomandibular arch
  • Acanthodii and Placodermi
24
Q

what is Holostyly/Autostyly

A
  • Palato-quadrate fused to skull
  • Dipnoans, chimaeras, tetrapods
25
Q

what is Hyostyly

A
  • Support from Hyomandibul
  • Jaw not directly connected to skull
  • typical Chondrichthyes
26
Q

2 subclasses in Class Chondrichthyes (sharks & rays)

A
  • Sub-class ELASMOBRANCHII (1,279* extant spp.)
    Sharks, Skates, Rays
  • Sub-class HOLOCEPHALI (55 extant spp.)
    Chimaeras
27
Q

how many orders are in Sub-class ELASMOBRANCHII and what are the main ones

A

13 orders
- CARCHARINHINIFORMES (304 spp.)
cat sharks, hammerhead sharks…
Includes Family CARCHARHINIDAE (requiem sharks; 59 spp.)
- LAMNIFORMES (16 spp.)
Mackerel sharks (threshers, makos, basking, tigers, white)
- MYLIOBATIFORMES (257 spp.)
Sting rays, devil rays
- RAJIFORMES (311 spp.)
Rajid skate and rays

28
Q

Chondrichthyes characteristics

A
  • cartilaginous fish
  • 1,334 extant spp
  • no bone
  • spiracle
  • no operculum
  • no swim bladder
  • ampullae of Lorenzi
  • spiral valve
  • placoid scales (denticles)
  • internal fertilisation
29
Q

Osteichthyes characteristics

A

bony fish
- 33,969 extant spp
- true bony skeleton
- no spiracle
- operculum covering gills
- swim bladder
- no electro receptors
- no spiracle valve but pyloric caecae
- overlapping scales
- mostly broadcast spawners

30
Q

2 classes of Osteichthyes (bony fishes)

A
  • Class SARCOPTERYGII (8 spp.) - lobe-finned fish
    Actinistia - coelacanths (2 spp.)
    Dipnomorpha - lungfish (6 spp.)
  • ACTINOPTERYGII (33, 920 extant spp.*) - ray-finned fish
    Subclass CHONDROSTEI (sturgeons, paddlefish…)
    Infraclass HOLOSTEI (bowfins, gars…)
    Infraclass TELEOSTEI (96% of all living fish)
31
Q

what are “Lower” teleosts and “higher” teleosts called

A

“Lower” teleosts = euteleosts
“higher teleosts” = neoteleosts

32
Q

lower teleosts characteristics

A
  • soft fin rays
  • 1 dorsal fin (maybe adipose)
  • low pectoral fins
  • horizontal pectoral fin base
  • abdominal pelvic fins
  • pelvic fins with numerous rays
  • scales usually cycloid
  • swimbladder often physotomous
33
Q

higher teleost characteristics

A
  • may also have spiny fin rays
  • 1 or more dorsal fin
  • higher pectoral fins
  • pectoral fin base angled towards vertical
  • pelvic fins thoracic or jugular
  • pelvic fins with less rays
  • scales usually ctenoid
  • swim bladder physoclistous

BIO224 - ichthyology (13 decks)

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