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GCSE Geography Case Studies > Iceland Volcano > Flashcards

Iceland Volcano Flashcards

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1
Q

Where is the volcano located?

A

On the Mid Atlantic Ridge, on tectonic plates

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2
Q

What type of plate is the volcano located on? How are they moving?

A

Constructive plate, moving apart

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3
Q

What happens as the plates move apart?

A

Magma can rise to the surface and form volcanoes and hot spots

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4
Q

What is formed when magma rises to the surface?

A

Volcanoes and hot spots

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5
Q

What did the latest eruption occur under? What did this cause?

A

The latest eruption occurred under a glacier, so the pyroclastic flow melted it and caused flash flooding

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6
Q

How fast did the lava cool and why? What did this lead to?

A

The lava cooled quickly due to the melted glacier cooling it down, this lead to massive gas, steam and glass particle clouds rising very high

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7
Q

How high did the gas, steam and glass particle cloud rise to?

A

30,000ft

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8
Q

What way is the North American plate moving?

A

West

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9
Q

What way is the Eurasian plate moving?

A

East

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10
Q

What 2 plates make up the mid Atlantic ridge? At what type of plate boundary?

A

The North American and the Eurasian plates at a constructive plate boundary

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11
Q

What process is driving the North American and Eurasian plates apart?

A

Convection currents

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12
Q

What is the rate that the North American and Eurasian plates are moving apart?

A

About 2.5cm per year

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13
Q

Why were a chain of volcanoes formed along the rift zone of Iceland?

A

Because that is where the constructive plates are moving apart

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14
Q

Which direction does the chain of volcanoes along the rift zone run?

A

From NE to SW

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15
Q

Spell the name of the volcano in Iceland

A

Eyjafjallajokull

Ey jaf jalla jokull

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16
Q

What has the process of the North American and Eurasian plates moving apart caused?

A

A chain of volcanoes along the rift zone of Iceland

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17
Q

Which volcano is the most southerly of Iceland’s main volcanoes?

A

Eyjafjallajokull

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18
Q

Where is eyjafjallajokull located in comparison to Katla?

A

To the west of Katla

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19
Q

Which volcano is Iceland’s main volcano?

A

Katla

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20
Q

How tall is eyjafjallajokull?

A

1666 metres tall

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21
Q

Name 2 features that make up the eyjafjallajokull volcano

A
  • an ice covered stratovolcano

* caldera

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22
Q

What is a stratovolcano?

A

A volcano built up of alternate layers of ash and lava

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23
Q

How wide is eyjafjallajokull’s caldera?

A

2.5km wide

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24
Q

What is a caldera?

A

A large volcanic crater, especially one formed by a major eruption leading to the collapse of the mouth of the volcano.

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25
Q

Describe how frequently eyjafjallajokull erupts

A

Very infrequently

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26
Q

Before the 2010 eruption, when was the last time eyjafjallajokull erupted?

A

1822

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27
Q

What date did the volcano erupt?

A

20th March 2010

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28
Q

What was the ash plume made up of?

A
  • dissolved gases from the molten rocks

* steam from the melted glacier

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29
Q

How high did the ash plume reach in the air?

A

11,000m in the air

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30
Q

Why did the ash plume pose such a threat to airplanes?

A

When heated by the engine heat, it can be turned into a hard glass and lock up the engine

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31
Q

Why did the ash cloud linger for longer than expected?

A

The weather across North west Europe at the time was very settled, so there were no winds to disperse the ash cloud

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32
Q

What happened on April 14th 2010?

A

The eruption melted the eyjafjallajokull glacier and set off a major flood

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33
Q

How many people had to evacuate from the major flood?

A

700

34
Q

As well as the main cone, where else was lava emitted from?

A

A 500m long fissure

35
Q

How hot was the lava emitted from the fissure?

A

1000*C

36
Q

How far did the fissure emit lava into the air?

A

150m into the air

37
Q

What was the eruption of the fissure categorised as?

A

A fissure and an explosive eruption

38
Q

When were there plenty of warning signs of an eruption?

A

3-5th of March 2010

39
Q

Name one of the warning signs of the eruption

A

•there were 3000 recorded earthquakes

40
Q

How wide is the vent for the volcano?

A

2.5 km

41
Q

Why were scientists very concerned at the time of the eruption?

A

They thought it could be a warning sign of a much larger eruption of the historically more active and dangerous volcano, Katla, located right next to eyjafjallajokull

42
Q

Why did the ash cloud have a worse impact than an eruption from Katla?

A

The only areas ever impacted from Katla are the surrounding areas in Iceland. Therefore, the ash cloud that affected many international countries had a larger impact

43
Q

What does IMO stand for?

A

Icelandic Meteorological Office

44
Q

What does the IMO do?

A
  • monitors earth movement

* issued warnings for potential eruptions and floods

45
Q

What showed the height of the ash plume? Why was this important?

A

The IMO’s weather radar on the southwest tip of the country showed the height of the ash plume, which was important for calculating the distribution of the ash

46
Q

How was the ash cloud tracked and prepared for?

A

It was tracked by satellite by many countries so they knew what was coming

47
Q

Name 3 ways the EU was prepared for the eruption

A
  • other transport mechanisms, ex. train, channel tunnel etc
  • largely self sufficient in foo production, cope without imports couldn’t arrive
  • well prepared in legal and insurance terms
48
Q

Name 2 things that airlines were legally responsible for after the eruption

A
  • legal compensation for their passengers

* the well being of their travellers

49
Q

What did many companies have so they could cope better in an emergency?

A

Contingency plans

50
Q

Give an example of a contingency plan set up for an emergency that was used after the eruption

A

Tesco circumvented the ash cloud by flying Kenyan produce into Spain and then using road haulage

51
Q

Which coast is the volcano on?

A

The south coast

52
Q

Which direction did the wind blow the ash? Why was this good?

A

SE towards Europe

It was away from the most inhabited areas of Iceland

53
Q

What did people in the rural areas down wind of the volcano have to do? Why?

A

They had to wear goggles and gas masks because the ash was so thick

54
Q

Name 2 insignificant impacts of the volcanic eruption on the local people

A
  • had to wear goggles and face masks

* visibility was down to a few metres

55
Q

How many people had to be evacuated from the area around the volcano?

A

500

56
Q

What happened to the roads surrounding the volcano?

A

They were closed

57
Q

What happened to the local water supply?

A

It was contaminated with ash

58
Q

Why were farmers near the volcano warned not to let their livestock drink from contaminated water supplies?

A

High concentrations of fluoride from the ash mixed with water can have deadly effects, particularly in sheep

59
Q

What was the major impact of the eruption?

A

Flights were cancelled internationally between 14th-21st April 2010

60
Q

Name 6 impacts of the eruption on the locals

A
  • wear goggles and face masks
  • visibility down to a few metres
  • 500people evacuated
  • roads shut down
  • contaminated water supply
  • don’t let livestock drink from water supply
61
Q

Why were airplanes grounded due to the eruption?

A

The particles in the the ash cloud were thought to clog up airplane engines

62
Q

What was the global knock on effect of international flights being cancelled?

A

No planes could fly in or out of Europe

63
Q

How many flights were cancelled per day?

A

17,000

64
Q

How much was it thought that airlines were cost per day in cancelled flights?

A

£130 million a day

65
Q

How many people were stranded in other countries?

A

100,000’s

66
Q

What did hire car companies do after the flights were cancelled? Why?

A

Dramatically increase their prices because people sought other ways to get home

67
Q

Who else impacted from people being stranded in other countries?

A

Businesses and schools etc who needed their workers

68
Q

How many flights were cancelled in total?

A

107,000

69
Q

What % of air travel was cancelled because of the ash cloud?

A

48%

70
Q

Name an example of an ledc who were also badly affected by the eruption

A

Kenya

71
Q

How much of Kenya’s economy relies on the export of green vegetables to Europe?

A

20%

72
Q

Why were Kenya so badly affected by the ash cloud?

A

They couldn’t transport their produce of green vegetables, which are perishable, meaning they went to waste

73
Q

How many farmers were temporarily unemployed in Kenya due to the flight ban?

A

50,000

74
Q

What did scientists fear would be a consequence of the ash cloud interfering with the atmosphere?

A

A climatic hazard

75
Q

How many tons of carbon dioxide were pumped into the atmosphere per day from the eruption? What did scientists think of this?

A

30,000 tons of CO2

Scientists thought this wouldn’t make a substantial difference

76
Q

What were the main environmental impacts of the eruption?

A
  • risks to soil and water courses

* risks to livestock through ingestion of fluoride in contaminated water supply and volcanic ash on pasture

77
Q

What are run in Iceland in advance of eruptions?

A

Effective monitoring programmes

78
Q

Name 3 things used to detect ground vibrations

A
  • seismographs
  • GPS instruments
  • advanced computer modelling
79
Q

Name 3 other techniques used to predict for an eruption (excluding detecting ground vibrations)

A
  • check composition of gases escaping from the ground
  • volume of water in lakes and rivers
  • temperature of lakes and rivers
80
Q

How are people in Iceland prepared for when an eruption does occur?

A

•infrastructure can cope

81
Q

How is impact reduced to the local people when an eruption is about to happen?

A

Automated text message sent out warning people within a 30 mile radius

82
Q

What has happened in an attempt to reduce the economic impact of future eruptions?

A

Tess to see if planes can indeed fly in ash clouds or not

GCSE Geography Case Studies (12 decks)

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