Ice

Question 1

Ways to avoid ice or accretion.

Answer 1

Draining or steaming lines
Tools (physical removal)
Grit/Sand use
Increase of deck rounds
Physical ship design (heated rails/decks/pipelines)
Insulation or pipes and fittings
Reduction of speed (reduction of spray)
Running with the wind
Extra lookout 
Seek warmer conditions 
Increase freeboard (FWD)
Removal of standing water (Fixing of leaks)
Removal of non essential rigging 
Limiting of deck cargo

Question 2

Navigational factors to consider.

Answer 2

Speed
Visibility 
Optimisation of radars and nab equipment 
Adjust course if necessary/possible 
Extra lookout 
Frequency of weather observations
The passage plan and contingencies 
Engines and manoeuvrability 
Availability of ice breaking ships 
Manual steering 
Actual receipt of ice warnings 
Watertight integrity 
Vulnerability of rudders/propellers 
Long radar scanning 
Ice accretion
Experience of Master and crew
Ships ice classification

Question 3

Signs of ice in the vicinity.

Answer 3

Cold temperatures 
Actual sighting of ice 
Signs of wildlife 
Abrupt smoothing of sea (maybe in lee of iceberg)
Nah warnings 
Physical build up of ice on ship 
Guidance from publications/Charts 
Prior experience from crew 
Sea smoke 
Warnings from other vessels 
Fragments of ice 
Radar detection 
Noise from calving