Ica 1, chemistry of life Flashcards
What are the 3 major compounds found in cells
proteins, lipids and carbohydrates
what are lipids composed of?
C, H, and O
what are lipids propuced for
cell membranes, fats, oils, waxes and steroids
what are lipids used for
prompting chemical reactions of homeostasis, protection from environment, and storing excess energy
are lipids hydrophobic or hydrophillic?
hydrophobic
what are lipids named by
the number of fatty acids attached to the glycerol
ex: diglycerides, triglycerides
characteristics of saturated fats
single carbon bonds, linear structure so they stack and form a solid at room temp.
characteristics of unsaturated fats
double carbon bonds, bent shape so they are liquid at room temp.
characteristics of trans fats
double carbon bonds, linear structure so they stack and form a solid at room temp. (unsaturated fats that have been straightened)
what does a cell membrane do
keeps the cell separate from the external environment and regulates materials that are able to enter and leave the cell
what is the fluid mosaic model
the membrane is made up of a variety of molecules that are constantly moving, making it a fluid and flexible (NOT solid)
what is the membrane made of
-lipids held together by cholesterols: lipids act as barriers to water, cholesterols add strength
-proteins: enable ions and water-soluble materials to enter the cell, give the cell identity and may act as attachment sites for other cells or macromolecules
what are carbohydrates made of
C, H, and O (2:1 ratio of hydrogen to oxygen)
what are carbohydrates a primary source of
molecular energy
what are carbohydrates produced by
produced by plants in the form of simple sugars
what are carbohydrates named by
based on the number of simple sugars
what are the three simple sugars
glucose, galactose, fructose
how do you name polysaccharides
-simple sugars are monosaccharides
-2 simple sugars form a disaccharide
-more than 2 molecules joined make a polysaccharide
what are proteins made of
C, H, O, N
why is nitrogen a necessary element in proteins
forming amino acids, the building blocks of proteins
how do you name amino acids
-2 amino acids make a dipeptide
-3 + make up a polypeptide
example of polypeptides
hormones are examples of polypeptides though they are made of nucleotide
bases (adenine, guanine, cytosine, thymine)
how many amino acid groups are there
20, which form the code that controls an organism’s basic behavior and appearance
hydrolysis
breaks molecules by adding water
condensation reaction
joins molecules by removing water
what is transport
the passing of materials from the fluid environment across the cell membrane to the cytoplasm
what is active transport
-transport of materials across the cell membrane using ATP
-low to high concentration
what is passive transport
-molecules enter a cell without the need of ATP
-high to low concentration
simple diffusion
moves lipid soluble (hydrophobic) materials across the cell membrane
facilitated diffusion/transport
moves water soluble (hydrophilic) materials across the cell membrane using transport proteins
osmosis
diffusion of a solvent (usually water) from a high to low concentration of water molecules
3 cellular environments of osmosis
ISOtonic (=), HYPERtonic (more dissolved), HYPOtonic (less dissolved)
3 types of facilitated transport proteins
channel, gate, carrier
channel protein
forms a hydrophillic channel
gate proteins
signals to open the gate to allow molecules to pass through
carrier proteins
capture molecules and changes its shape, moving it from the outside to inside
endocytosis vs exocytosis
-ENDOcytosis is the process of bringing materials INto a cell: pinocytosis (liquid), phagocytosis (solid)
-EXOcytosis is the process of REMOVING materials from a cell
-Both are active transport processes that require energy, using a vesicle
