IC6 Flashcards
How can ELISA produce false positive results?
inadequate washing of unbound biomolecules, inadequate blocking of surface, off-target binding by polyclonal antibodies, cross reactivity of secondary antibodies
How can ELISA produce false negative results?
enzymes or antibodies denature
What are the 4 types of ELISA?
direct, indirect, sandwich and competitive
What are immunoassays?
using antibodies to detect a biological molecule
What are the 2 markers used in immunoassays?
radioactive label or enzymes
What does ELISA stand for?
enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay
What are the 2 types of immunoassays?
markers and agglutination
Which ELISA, shows less colour when there is more antigen in sample?
competitive ELISA
What is the criteria for agglutination in immunoassays?
either antigen or antibody must be particulate
What are the 2 types of agglutination?
direct/passive and inhibition of agglutination
What causes agglutination?
ab-ag binding
How does inhibition of agglutination work?
standard amt of particulate antigen added (agglutinator) added. If endogeneous antigen present, it binds to ab, resulting in low absorbance as endogeneous ag is soluble. If absent, agglutinator binds to ab, resulting in high absorbance
Is HbA1c glycosylated or glycated?
glycated as glucose is attached non-enzymatically to a random amino acid on haemoglobin
What are the brands of rapid-acting insulin?
lispo, aspart, glulisin
What are the brands of immediate-acting insulin?
NPH
What are the brands of long-acting insulin?
glargine, determir
What does pre-mixed insulin consist of?
a combination of rapid-acting and intermediate- acting insulin
How is insulin modified to rapid-insulin?
by genetic modification to B chain of insulin, making it non-hexameric, so it dissociates faster at site of action.
How do insulin hexamers form?
in the presence of zinc (In impure water)
How is insulin modified to become long-acting?
made more lipophilic so it stays in sc tissue longer and enters blood later
