IC5

Question 1

What cells produce MHC class I?

Answer 1

nucleated cells and platelets

Question 2

What cells produce MHC class II?

Answer 2

APCs, B cells

Question 3

What types of antigen does MHC class I bind to?

Answer 3

endogeneous: own, virus, neoantigen

Question 4

What types of antigen does MHC class II bind to?

Answer 4

exogenous: bacteria

Question 5

Which MHC class binds to CD8+

Answer 5

class I

Question 6

Explain the process of antigen presentation by MHC I

Answer 6

endogeneous protein already in cytoplasm is broken down into peptides by proteasome.

Question 7

Explain the process of antigen presentation by MHC II

Answer 7

exogeneous protein is phagocytosed into cell

Question 8

How have T cells adapted to produce intracellular signals despite a short cytoplasmic tail?

Answer 8

CD3 proteins form dimers- CDey, CDEs, CDzz that contain ITAMs. ITAMs contain tyr which are phosphorylated to initiate signal transduction

Question 9

How many CDRs are in T cells and antibodies

Answer 9

6 and 12

Question 10

How, when and where does hypervariability of CDRs occurs in B cells?

Answer 10

In bone marrow, naive B cells undergo genetic rearrangement of variable domain ->clones are different

Question 11

How, when and where does hypervariability of CDRs occurs in T cells?

Answer 11

Naive T cells in thymus undergo genetic recombination in variable domains. Va undergoes VJ recombination while VB undergoes DJ and then VDJ recombination

Question 12

Whats the difference between monoclonal and polyclonal antibodies?

Answer 12

Monoclonal ab produced from the same B cell clone and only recognises one epitope.
polyclonal ab is a mixture of monoclonal ab

Question 13

How are polyclonal antibodies made?

Answer 13

from passive immunisation of animals and collecting their antiserum

Question 14

What 2 ways is antiserum purified? Which purification method results in the isolation of more antigen-specific antibodies

Answer 14

proteins A/G and
Immunoaffinity column chromatography. The latter

Question 15

What modification is done in chimeric mabs?

Answer 15

all seq humanised except V domains

Question 16

What modification is done in humanised mabs?

Answer 16

all seq humanised except CDR domains

Question 17

Is humanised mabs or recombinant human mabs 100% human?

Answer 17

recombinant human mabs

Question 18

What is a bispecific antibody derivative?

Answer 18

to different Fab arms

Question 19

Whats the different between bispecific and triomabs antibody derivatives?

Answer 19

triomab is a bispecific + Fc component

Question 20

How are Fab2 and Fab antibody derivatives made?

Answer 20

pepsin and papain enzymes to cleave ab

Question 21

What does defucosylating an antibody do?

Answer 21

enhance affinity for Fc receptor on effector cells to bind to antigen

Question 22

Which T cell therapeutic doesn’t involve genetic modification?

Answer 22

TIL

Question 23

Which generation of CAR-T effective against antigen negative tumour cells?

Answer 23

4th gen as it has a transgene that secretes IL2 cytokine after antigen binding to scfv which activates endogeneous T cells which can recognise that antigen CAR-T cannot.

Question 24

What are the upgrades in the different generations of CAR-T? and what difference does it make?

Answer 24

1. CD3z
2. • CD28
3. • 4-BB
4. • transgene
     stronger signaling and more potent antitumor activity

Question 25

Is TCR-T or CAR-T more effective in cancer treatment? Why?

Answer 25

TCR complex allows full activation at low antigen concentration and extended killing

Question 26

Which T cell immunotherapy is used in both solid and hematological tumours?

Answer 26

TCR-T

Question 27

Which T cell immunotherapy induces more CRS cytokine release syndrome? CAR-T or TCR-T

Answer 27

CAR-T

Question 28

What do immune checkpoint inhibitors do?

Answer 28

they bind to checkpoint targets so that endogeneous ligand cannot bind to it and immune suppression is prevented

Question 29

What are the 3 types of cancer vaccines?

Answer 29

cell, protein/peptides, nucleic acid

Question 30

why are protein/peptide cancer vaccines less effective?

Answer 30

1. neoantigens not included in vaccine 2. peptides are too small ->non-specific binding + can only bind to MHC I

Question 31

What is anergy?

Answer 31

lack of immune response

Question 32

What type of nucleic acid is preferred in cancer vaccines?

Answer 32

RNA as its immediately translated and does not involve insertion into host DNA. so there is no chance of insertional mutation.