IBEC Flashcards
Keratinization
Process of living cells moving upward and changing to dead cells
What is the largest organ on the body?
Skin
What are the three main layers of the skin?
Epidermis, Dermis, Subcutaneous
What are the layers of the epidermis?
Stratum corneum, Stratum luciderm, Stratum granulosum, Stratum spinosum, Stratum germinativum (basal layer)
What are the 2 layers of the dermis?
Papillary and Reticular layer
What layers does the horny zone contain?
The first 3 layers of the epidermis
What layers does the Germinal zone contain?
Last 2 of the epidermis
Where does mitosis occur?
Stratum germinitivum
What layer is only in the palms of hands and soles of feet?
Stratum luciderm
What layer are the langerhan cells in?
Stratum spinosum
What does the papillary layer contain?
Collagen and reticular fibers, Messner corpuscle
What does the stratum germinitivum layer contain?
Melanocytes, Merkel cells, Mitosis
What shape are collagen and reticular fibers?
Cone shaped
What does the reticular layer contain?
Dense bundle of collagen and elastin, Pacinian corpuscle, Arrector pili muscle, glands and hair follicle
Merkel
Lightened
Meissner
Touch
Pacinian
Deep pressure
What are the 3 sensory glands?
Merkel, Meissner, Pacinian
What are the two most important things of the sub dermis?
80% adipose tissue, gives body its smoothness
What are the two sweat glands?
Eccrine, Apocrine
Eccrine gland
Sweat gland that is everywhere
Apocrine gland
Located in genital area and axilla; excretes pheromones
What system is the sudoriferous glands controlled by?
Sympathetic nervous system
Sebaceous gland
Oil gland
What system are sebaceous glands controlled by?
Endocrine system
What are the 4 appendages of the skin?
Hair, nails, sebaceous gland, sudoriferous gland
What are the 5 functions of the skin?
Sensation, heat regulation, absorption, protection, elimination
Melanin
Grains of pigment that give hair and skin its color
Carotene
Yellowish pigment
Where is skin the thickest?
Soles of feet 1/5”
Where is skin the thinnest?
Eyelids 1/12”
Histology
Study of microscopic structure of tissue
What are the 3 layers of skin?
Epidermis, dermis, sub dermis
Atom
Smallest unit in the universe
Proton
Nucleus
Electron
Negative charged particle
How big is an electron
Many times smaller than a proton
What is a stable atom?
Protons and electrons are equal
Ionization
Process of adding or removing electrons from its atomic orbit
What is a combination of atoms?
Molecules
Molecule
Smallest unit of matter into which a substance can be divided w/o losing basics
Electricity
Flow of electrons charged from one atom to another along a conductor
Conductor
Any substance that will easily transmit the flow of an electrical current
What are examples of a conductor?
Metals, electrology probes, TAP water, human body
Insulator
Any substance that will resist the passage of an electrical current
What are examples of an insulator?
Rubber, steam, DISTILLED water
What is the positive electrode called?
Anode
What is the negative electrode called?
Cathode
How do electrons move?
Negative to positive
What are the two types of electrical current?
Alternating and direct
How does alternating current move?
By mechanical means; rapid in one direction then the other
Hertz
Measurment of frequency
What is an epilators hertz?
13.56 Mhz
Polarity
Imbalance effect of electrical flow
Oscillator
AC to HF
Rectifier
AC to DC
How does direct current move?
By chemical means; Constant and even flow in one direction
Short circuit
Not completing its path; takes a short cut
Fuse
Uses heat production; prevents excessive current from passing through
Circuit breaker
Uses magnetic properties; switch interrupts electrical circuit first sign of overload
What should you check equipment for?
Underwrites laboratories tag (UL)
What are 4 devices that change current?
Rectifier, oscillator, transform, rheostat
Anaphoresis
Irritating/redness
Cataphoresis
Soothes skin
Diathermy
Technique involving heat by HF electrical currents
What current is the blend?
DC and AC
What is static electricity?
Electrons are at rest
What are the two natural magnets?
Loadstone and magnetite
Coulomb
Count/quantity
Amperes
Measures current
Volt
Pressure/ force
Ohm
Resistance
Watt
Unit of electrical power
Joules
Measures energy
Hertz
Measures frequency
Density of hair
of hair in cm^2
Milliampere
Measures current in a thousandth of a ampere
Nanometer
Measures current in a billionth of a ampere
Who invented galvanic?
Dr. Charles Michel
When was galvanic invented?
1875
What kind of mean is electrolysis?
Chemical mean
What is galvanic electrolysis?
Removing hair by chemical decomposition
What are two other names for galvanic?
Chemical decomposition and true electrolysis
What two solutions do you need to get sodium hydroxide (lye)?
Water; hydrogen and oxygen and salt; sodium chloride
What electrode does sodium hydroxide (lye) come from?
Cathode
What electrode does hydrochloric acid come from?
Anode
What are the 2 bi products?
Chloride gas and hydrogen gas
What is a conductor during electrolysis?
Salt water in tissue
Commerial
UL = amp by hours
Kill hair in follicle
UL = ma x seconds
Where is the most destructive area?
Closest to the probe within zone where tissue is 100% destroyed
Current density
AMOUNT of electrons that flow into surrounding tissue
What is current density affected by?
Needle thickness, intensity, and depth
Current intensity
STRENGTH of current flowing from probe to surrounding tissue
Accidental use of the positive pole with steel needle will cause what?
Black oxide mark
What is a side effect of hydrochloric acid in the palms of hands?
Electrode rash = erythema
Phoresis
Forcing a liquid through unbroken skin = electrotherapy
Thermolysis
Killing of hair using alternating current
What is another name for alternating current?
Sinusodial current
Who demonstrated HF waves first?
Heinrich Hertz
Eletrocoagulation
The process by which heat causes cells to coagulate and become dysfunctional
Electrodessication
To dry up and deprive moisture by heat
What does the size of probe determine?
Diameter of hair in anagen
Capacitive return
The current will return to the machine by means of radiation through the air
What is a blow out caused by?
Steam
What is the point effect?
HF heat starts at tip of needle
What is the pattern of destruction for thermolysis?
Pear shape
Nikolskys sign
Separation of epidermis from dermis
Working point
Point based on the client’s pain threshold/ skin tolerance
Where are vellus hairs from?
Sebaceous gland
What is the blend?
Use of galvanic and low intensity high frequency
How can the blend be applied?
Simultaneously or sequentially
What is the pattern of destruction for the blend?
Vase shape
What is a blend blowout?
Over treatment causing steam that is silent
What part of the body is susceptible to pitted scars?
Face
How do you avoid muscular skeletal syndrome?
Do not twist torso
Ecchymosis
3 dimensional large bruise
Petechia
Pinpoint bruise
Purpura
Laser bruise
Erythema
Redness
Edema
Lymph swelling
Eshar
Normal process of healing containing honey crust
Chloasma
Mask of pregnancy
Pitted scar
Atrophic; damage to upper follicle
Keloid
Hypertrophic; genetic bumps
Who is most prone to keloids?
African Americans
Matrix
Actively dividing cells within the hair bulb to produce hair (mitosis)
Where is the needle inserted?
Underside the hair
When was HIPPA instituted?
1996
What are the needles longer than?
Hair follicle depth
What kind of needle will enter the follicle with less resistance?
Brightly polished
What angle is insertion?
45 degrees
What does shaving increase?
Diameter of hair
Tombstone
A small remnant of a small anagen hair which was left un epilated in a treated follicle
What kind of hair does a flatter follicle have?
Kinky hair
What is the best stage for curly hair?
EARLY anagen
What is the best stage for straight hair?
LATE anagen
What color hair should you insert deeper in a follicle?
Grey
What are the 5 characteristics of hair?
Moisture, thickness, oiliness, sensitivity, firmness
What is the shank?
Part of the probe that fits into the white cap
What does LASER stand for?
Light, amplification, stimulated, emissions, radiation
Photon
Smallest particle of light
Amplitude
Height of wave
Million waves
Mega
Billion waves
Nano
Fluence
DENSITY of the energy
Joules
Unit that measures energy
What is nonionizing range?
400nm and up
What is ionizing range?
390nm and below
What does laser hair removal range to?
600-2100nm
Ruby nanometers
694.3nm
Alex nanometers
755nm
Diode nanometers
840nm
Nd:Yag nanometers
1064nm
Chromophore
Part of molecule responsible for color reflection
Polychromatic
Many colors
Monochromatic
One color
What are the properties of light?
Reflection, absorption, scattering, transmission
What does nonionizing do to DNA?
Does not change it
What does ionizing do to DNA?
Can change it
Laser characteristics
Monochromatic, coherent, collimated
IPL characteristics
Polychromatic, incoherent, illcollimated
What is thermal relaxation time (TRT) ?
Amount of time it takes surrounding tissue to cool by 50%
When does pulse width effect TRT?
When it is more than TRT, does not affect if it is lower or equal to TRT
Pulse duration
Time each laser pulse lasts
Spot size
Width of light beam
Fluence threshold
Highest setting the skin can tolerate without damage
What phase must hair be in for LHR?
Anagen phase
How long before should Accutane be stopped before laser?
6 months
Who are the theoretical fathers of laser?
Plank and Einstein
When was laser created?
1917
Theory of stimulated emissions
How atoms get excited to produce light photon
When was the first laser machine built?
1960
Who built the first laser machine?
Theodore Maiman
Who is the father of laser?
Rox Anderson
When was the invention of laser fulfilled?
1996
When did the FDA approve LHR?
1997
Selected photothermolysis
How hair is destroyed and not skin using heat
Amplification
The creation of a new photon light resulting from a chain reaction from collision
Stimulated emissions
Process whereby a new created photon of light acquires energy to the photons that created it
Who regulates all medical devices and since when?
FDA, 1976
Q switch
Tattoo removal
What manner should you work in?
Methodical manner
How much should you overlap the spot size?
20-30%
What should you see on the skin after laser?
Perifollicular Erythema Edema
How long will hairs shed from follicles?
10-20 days
How long should you avoid sun after LHR?
10 days - 2 weeks
What does retinal hazard range to?
400-1400nm
What does ultraviolet range to?
315-390nm
What does infrared range to?
1400-1nm
What is another eyewear besides goggles?
Dull metal shield
What do goggles measure?
Optical density
What agency is responsible for epilator?
FDA
What agency assigns the frequency for epilator?
FCC
If blood spills on the floor, what do you clean it with?
Hospital grade disinfectant
What is the single most effective deterrent to spreading disease?
Hand washing
Universal standard precautions
All clients are infectious
Microbiology
Branch of biology that deals with microscopic organisms
Microbes
Microscopic organisms that transmit disease
Non pathogenic
Harmless
Pathogenic
Disease causing
What are the two phases of bacteria?
Active/ vegetive
Inactive/ spore forming
3 types of bacteria
Cocci, bacilli, spirilla
What shape is cocci?
Round
What shape is bacilli?
Rod
What shape is spirilla?
Spiral
How does diplococcus grow?
In pairs
How does streptococcus grow?
In chains
How does staphylococci grow?
In clusters
What bacteria is most deadly and most common?
Bacilli (TB)
What bacteria is the most heat resistance?
TB
Fungi
Mutli cellular plant parasitic
What needs a target host cell to survive?
Virus
What is the most heat resistant virus?
HBV
When was the first AIDS case?
1981
How long can HBV live in dry blood?
7 days
What is the most dangerous virus?
HCV
How long does HBV vaccine work?
15 years
How does the HBV vaccination work?
1 shot; 1 month later, 2nd shot; 6 months later, 3rd shot
Tinea barbae
Barbers
Tinea Captis
Infection of scalp / hair
Tinea Pedis
Athletes foot
What is candida?
Yeast infection
Verruca
Warts
Where is herpes type 1?
Above waist
Where is herpes type 2?
Below waist
What does high disinfection do?
All bacteria are destroyed but some spores survive
What does intermediate disinfection do?
All bacteria destroyed but almost all spores survive
What does low disinfection do?
Activity and multiplication stops
What level of disinfection is sterilization?
High disinfection
What are critical items?
Items that come in contact with blood
Autoclave
Steam under pressure
What disinfection is used for environmental surfaces?
Hospital grade disinfection
Asepsis
Routine house keeping
When was the first case of HIV?
1981
What 3 common diseases are contracted with HIV?
PCP, KS, TB
What does OSHA do?
Regulates and enforces the law to protect your health and your client
What does CDC do?
CDC develops and applies disease prevention and control
What does the FDA do?
Regulates safety of foods
What does EPA do?
Regulates chemicals and protects human health by safeguarding the natural environment
What skin layer forms a barrier to protect underlying tissue?
Stratum corneum
What skin layer is not present where there are hair follicles?
Stratum luciderm
Which skin layer consists of small cells which allows light to pass?
Stratum luciderm
What skin layer produces new epidermal cells through mitosis?
Stratum germinitivum
Shaft
Part of the hair that projects from the surface
Root
Portion of the hair that is embedded in the dermis
Dermal papilla
Indentation at the base of the bulb that provides nutrients and blood supply
Matrix
Structure at the base of the hair bulb that produces new hair
Follicle
Indentation of the epidermis; anchors the skin
What are the two parts of epithelium sheath?
Outer component; anchors follicle to dermis
Inner component; anchors tightly to the root
Dermal root sheath
Supports the hair follicle and separates it from the dermis
Arrector pili muscle
Tiny bands of smooth muscle that causes the hair to “stand up” when contracted
3 regions of hair
Medulla, cortex, cuticle
What is the medulla?
Inner marrow that forms core of some hair and reflects light
What is the cortex?
Middle that gives hair its color from elongated cells
What is the cuticle?
Outer part of hair; imbricated cells; no pigment
Trichology
Structure of hair and it’s diseases
What does the pilosebaceous unit contain?
Hair bulb, hair follicle, hair papilla, hair shaft, hair root, arrector pili muscle, sebaceous gland
What is hair pili?
Filament structures that project from the skins surface
Pili-multigemini
2 or more hairs in a follicle
What is the structure of the hair bulb?
Medulla, cortex, cuticle of hair, cuticle of inner root sheath, huxleys, henles, outer root sheath, vitrous membrane, connective tissue (dermal sheath)
What are the 3 stages of hair growth
Anagen, catagen, telogen
How long does the catagen phase last?
Shortest stage 1-2 weeks
How long does the anagen phase last on scalp?
Scalp hair during anagen can last up to 6 years
How long does the telogen phase last?
Can last 3-6 months
Anagen
Active growth stage
Catagen
Transitional stage
Telogen
Resting phase
What does the telogen phase look like?
Atrophies to form a white keratinized ball
What hair phase is the darkest?
Anagen
Lanugo
Type of thin hair with no pigment; usually falls out within first few weeks of birth
Vellus
Thinner than terminal; “Peach fuzz”
Terminal
Grows at the follicle bulge (papilla)
What causes hair to lose its pigment?
As we age, melanocytes produce less melanin
What is the function of hair?
To protect the body from friction and UV rays
Mitosis
Cells dividing in skin and hair cells
Meiosis
Occurs in sex cells when number of chromosomes are reduced by half
Mitosis phases
Interphase
Prophase
Metaphase
Anaphase
Telophase
Mitochondria
Power station that produces energy
Golgi apparatus
Fuel
What happens in the interphase during mitosis?
Resting phase; cells get bigger
What happens in prophase?
Chromosomes organize; nucleus disappears
What happens in metaphase?
Chromosomes align in the middle
What happens in anaphase?
Separation inside cells
What happens in telophase?
Separation outside the cell; division almost complete
Hypertrichosis
Overabundance of hair anywhere
Who does hypertrichosis effect?
Males and females
What does accelerate vellus come back to?
Previous vellus
Hirsutism
Terminal hair growth only in women caused by male androgens in blood
Androgens
Male hormones
Ferriman - Gallwey score
Method of evaluating and quantifying hirsutism in women
Idiopathic hirsutism
Unknown origin
In hirsutism, what kind of hair is terminal hairs?
Sexual hairs
How many locations are in the Ferriman Gallwey score?
9 locations
What are the 9 locations rated from in the Ferriman Gallwey score?
0-4
Hirci
Armpit
Barbae
Face
Capilli
Head
Cilia
Eyelash
Supercilia
Eyebrow
Tragi
Ear
Vibrassae
Nostrils
What part of the body does hirsutism effect besides hair?
Adrenal glands, ovaries, gonads
