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Esthetics final exam > IBEC > Flashcards

IBEC Flashcards

1
Q

Keratinization

A

Process of living cells moving upward and changing to dead cells

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2
Q

What is the largest organ on the body?

A

Skin

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3
Q

What are the three main layers of the skin?

A

Epidermis, Dermis, Subcutaneous

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4
Q

What are the layers of the epidermis?

A

Stratum corneum, Stratum luciderm, Stratum granulosum, Stratum spinosum, Stratum germinativum (basal layer)

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5
Q

What are the 2 layers of the dermis?

A

Papillary and Reticular layer

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6
Q

What layers does the horny zone contain?

A

The first 3 layers of the epidermis

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7
Q

What layers does the Germinal zone contain?

A

Last 2 of the epidermis

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8
Q

Where does mitosis occur?

A

Stratum germinitivum

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9
Q

What layer is only in the palms of hands and soles of feet?

A

Stratum luciderm

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10
Q

What layer are the langerhan cells in?

A

Stratum spinosum

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11
Q

What does the papillary layer contain?

A

Collagen and reticular fibers, Messner corpuscle

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11
Q

What does the stratum germinitivum layer contain?

A

Melanocytes, Merkel cells, Mitosis

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12
Q

What shape are collagen and reticular fibers?

A

Cone shaped

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13
Q

What does the reticular layer contain?

A

Dense bundle of collagen and elastin, Pacinian corpuscle, Arrector pili muscle, glands and hair follicle

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14
Q

Merkel

A

Lightened

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15
Q

Meissner

A

Touch

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16
Q

Pacinian

A

Deep pressure

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17
Q

What are the 3 sensory glands?

A

Merkel, Meissner, Pacinian

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18
Q

What are the two most important things of the sub dermis?

A

80% adipose tissue, gives body its smoothness

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19
Q

What are the two sweat glands?

A

Eccrine, Apocrine

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20
Q

Eccrine gland

A

Sweat gland that is everywhere

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21
Q

Apocrine gland

A

Located in genital area and axilla; excretes pheromones

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22
Q

What system is the sudoriferous glands controlled by?

A

Sympathetic nervous system

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23
Q

Sebaceous gland

A

Oil gland

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24
Q

What system are sebaceous glands controlled by?

A

Endocrine system

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25
Q

What are the 4 appendages of the skin?

A

Hair, nails, sebaceous gland, sudoriferous gland

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26
Q

What are the 5 functions of the skin?

A

Sensation, heat regulation, absorption, protection, elimination

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27
Q

Melanin

A

Grains of pigment that give hair and skin its color

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28
Q

Carotene

A

Yellowish pigment

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29
Q

Where is skin the thickest?

A

Soles of feet 1/5”

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30
Q

Where is skin the thinnest?

A

Eyelids 1/12”

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31
Q

Histology

A

Study of microscopic structure of tissue

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32
Q

What are the 3 layers of skin?

A

Epidermis, dermis, sub dermis

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33
Q

Atom

A

Smallest unit in the universe

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34
Q

Proton

A

Nucleus

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35
Q

Electron

A

Negative charged particle

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36
Q

How big is an electron

A

Many times smaller than a proton

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37
Q

What is a stable atom?

A

Protons and electrons are equal

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37
Q

Ionization

A

Process of adding or removing electrons from its atomic orbit

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38
Q

What is a combination of atoms?

A

Molecules

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39
Q

Molecule

A

Smallest unit of matter into which a substance can be divided w/o losing basics

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40
Q

Electricity

A

Flow of electrons charged from one atom to another along a conductor

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41
Q

Conductor

A

Any substance that will easily transmit the flow of an electrical current

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42
Q

What are examples of a conductor?

A

Metals, electrology probes, TAP water, human body

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43
Q

Insulator

A

Any substance that will resist the passage of an electrical current

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44
Q

What are examples of an insulator?

A

Rubber, steam, DISTILLED water

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45
Q

What is the positive electrode called?

A

Anode

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46
Q

What is the negative electrode called?

A

Cathode

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47
Q

How do electrons move?

A

Negative to positive

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48
Q

What are the two types of electrical current?

A

Alternating and direct

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49
Q

How does alternating current move?

A

By mechanical means; rapid in one direction then the other

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50
Q

Hertz

A

Measurment of frequency

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51
Q

What is an epilators hertz?

A

13.56 Mhz

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52
Q

Polarity

A

Imbalance effect of electrical flow

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53
Q

Oscillator

A

AC to HF

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54
Q

Rectifier

A

AC to DC

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55
Q

How does direct current move?

A

By chemical means; Constant and even flow in one direction

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56
Q

Short circuit

A

Not completing its path; takes a short cut

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57
Q

Fuse

A

Uses heat production; prevents excessive current from passing through

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58
Q

Circuit breaker

A

Uses magnetic properties; switch interrupts electrical circuit first sign of overload

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59
Q

What should you check equipment for?

A

Underwrites laboratories tag (UL)

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60
Q

What are 4 devices that change current?

A

Rectifier, oscillator, transform, rheostat

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61
Q

Anaphoresis

A

Irritating/redness

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62
Q

Cataphoresis

A

Soothes skin

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63
Q

Diathermy

A

Technique involving heat by HF electrical currents

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64
Q

What current is the blend?

A

DC and AC

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65
Q

What is static electricity?

A

Electrons are at rest

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66
Q

What are the two natural magnets?

A

Loadstone and magnetite

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67
Q

Coulomb

A

Count/quantity

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68
Q

Amperes

A

Measures current

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69
Q

Volt

A

Pressure/ force

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70
Q

Ohm

A

Resistance

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71
Q

Watt

A

Unit of electrical power

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72
Q

Joules

A

Measures energy

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73
Q

Hertz

A

Measures frequency

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74
Q

Density of hair

A

of hair in cm^2

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75
Q

Milliampere

A

Measures current in a thousandth of a ampere

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76
Q

Nanometer

A

Measures current in a billionth of a ampere

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77
Q

Who invented galvanic?

A

Dr. Charles Michel

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78
Q

When was galvanic invented?

A

1875

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79
Q

What kind of mean is electrolysis?

A

Chemical mean

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80
Q

What is galvanic electrolysis?

A

Removing hair by chemical decomposition

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81
Q

What are two other names for galvanic?

A

Chemical decomposition and true electrolysis

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82
Q

What two solutions do you need to get sodium hydroxide (lye)?

A

Water; hydrogen and oxygen and salt; sodium chloride

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83
Q

What electrode does sodium hydroxide (lye) come from?

A

Cathode

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84
Q

What electrode does hydrochloric acid come from?

A

Anode

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85
Q

What are the 2 bi products?

A

Chloride gas and hydrogen gas

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86
Q

What is a conductor during electrolysis?

A

Salt water in tissue

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87
Q

Commerial

A

UL = amp by hours

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88
Q

Kill hair in follicle

A

UL = ma x seconds

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89
Q

Where is the most destructive area?

A

Closest to the probe within zone where tissue is 100% destroyed

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90
Q

Current density

A

AMOUNT of electrons that flow into surrounding tissue

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91
Q

What is current density affected by?

A

Needle thickness, intensity, and depth

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92
Q

Current intensity

A

STRENGTH of current flowing from probe to surrounding tissue

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93
Q

Accidental use of the positive pole with steel needle will cause what?

A

Black oxide mark

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94
Q

What is a side effect of hydrochloric acid in the palms of hands?

A

Electrode rash = erythema

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95
Q

Phoresis

A

Forcing a liquid through unbroken skin = electrotherapy

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96
Q

Thermolysis

A

Killing of hair using alternating current

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97
Q

What is another name for alternating current?

A

Sinusodial current

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98
Q

Who demonstrated HF waves first?

A

Heinrich Hertz

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99
Q

Eletrocoagulation

A

The process by which heat causes cells to coagulate and become dysfunctional

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100
Q

Electrodessication

A

To dry up and deprive moisture by heat

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101
Q

What does the size of probe determine?

A

Diameter of hair in anagen

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102
Q

Capacitive return

A

The current will return to the machine by means of radiation through the air

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103
Q

What is a blow out caused by?

A

Steam

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104
Q

What is the point effect?

A

HF heat starts at tip of needle

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105
Q

What is the pattern of destruction for thermolysis?

A

Pear shape

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106
Q

Nikolskys sign

A

Separation of epidermis from dermis

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107
Q

Working point

A

Point based on the client’s pain threshold/ skin tolerance

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108
Q

Where are vellus hairs from?

A

Sebaceous gland

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109
Q

What is the blend?

A

Use of galvanic and low intensity high frequency

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110
Q

How can the blend be applied?

A

Simultaneously or sequentially

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111
Q

What is the pattern of destruction for the blend?

A

Vase shape

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112
Q

What is a blend blowout?

A

Over treatment causing steam that is silent

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113
Q

What part of the body is susceptible to pitted scars?

A

Face

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114
Q

How do you avoid muscular skeletal syndrome?

A

Do not twist torso

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115
Q

Ecchymosis

A

3 dimensional large bruise

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116
Q

Petechia

A

Pinpoint bruise

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117
Q

Purpura

A

Laser bruise

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118
Q

Erythema

A

Redness

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119
Q

Edema

A

Lymph swelling

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120
Q

Eshar

A

Normal process of healing containing honey crust

121
Q

Chloasma

A

Mask of pregnancy

122
Q

Pitted scar

A

Atrophic; damage to upper follicle

123
Q

Keloid

A

Hypertrophic; genetic bumps

124
Q

Who is most prone to keloids?

A

African Americans

125
Q

Matrix

A

Actively dividing cells within the hair bulb to produce hair (mitosis)

126
Q

Where is the needle inserted?

A

Underside the hair

127
Q

When was HIPPA instituted?

A

1996

128
Q

What are the needles longer than?

A

Hair follicle depth

129
Q

What kind of needle will enter the follicle with less resistance?

A

Brightly polished

130
Q

What angle is insertion?

A

45 degrees

131
Q

What does shaving increase?

A

Diameter of hair

132
Q

Tombstone

A

A small remnant of a small anagen hair which was left un epilated in a treated follicle

133
Q

What kind of hair does a flatter follicle have?

A

Kinky hair

134
Q

What is the best stage for curly hair?

A

EARLY anagen

135
Q

What is the best stage for straight hair?

A

LATE anagen

136
Q

What color hair should you insert deeper in a follicle?

A

Grey

137
Q

What are the 5 characteristics of hair?

A

Moisture, thickness, oiliness, sensitivity, firmness

138
Q

What is the shank?

A

Part of the probe that fits into the white cap

139
Q

What does LASER stand for?

A

Light, amplification, stimulated, emissions, radiation

140
Q

Photon

A

Smallest particle of light

141
Q

Amplitude

A

Height of wave

142
Q

Million waves

A

Mega

143
Q

Billion waves

A

Nano

144
Q

Fluence

A

DENSITY of the energy

145
Q

Joules

A

Unit that measures energy

146
Q

What is nonionizing range?

A

400nm and up

147
Q

What is ionizing range?

A

390nm and below

148
Q

What does laser hair removal range to?

A

600-2100nm

149
Q

Ruby nanometers

A

694.3nm

150
Q

Alex nanometers

A

755nm

151
Q

Diode nanometers

A

840nm

152
Q

Nd:Yag nanometers

A

1064nm

153
Q

Chromophore

A

Part of molecule responsible for color reflection

154
Q

Polychromatic

A

Many colors

155
Q

Monochromatic

A

One color

156
Q

What are the properties of light?

A

Reflection, absorption, scattering, transmission

157
Q

What does nonionizing do to DNA?

A

Does not change it

158
Q

What does ionizing do to DNA?

A

Can change it

159
Q

Laser characteristics

A

Monochromatic, coherent, collimated

160
Q

IPL characteristics

A

Polychromatic, incoherent, illcollimated

161
Q

What is thermal relaxation time (TRT) ?

A

Amount of time it takes surrounding tissue to cool by 50%

162
Q

When does pulse width effect TRT?

A

When it is more than TRT, does not affect if it is lower or equal to TRT

163
Q

Pulse duration

A

Time each laser pulse lasts

164
Q

Spot size

A

Width of light beam

165
Q

Fluence threshold

A

Highest setting the skin can tolerate without damage

166
Q

What phase must hair be in for LHR?

A

Anagen phase

167
Q

How long before should Accutane be stopped before laser?

A

6 months

168
Q

Who are the theoretical fathers of laser?

A

Plank and Einstein

169
Q

When was laser created?

A

1917

170
Q

Theory of stimulated emissions

A

How atoms get excited to produce light photon

171
Q

When was the first laser machine built?

A

1960

172
Q

Who built the first laser machine?

A

Theodore Maiman

173
Q

Who is the father of laser?

A

Rox Anderson

174
Q

When was the invention of laser fulfilled?

A

1996

175
Q

When did the FDA approve LHR?

A

1997

176
Q

Selected photothermolysis

A

How hair is destroyed and not skin using heat

177
Q

Amplification

A

The creation of a new photon light resulting from a chain reaction from collision

178
Q

Stimulated emissions

A

Process whereby a new created photon of light acquires energy to the photons that created it

179
Q

Who regulates all medical devices and since when?

A

FDA, 1976

180
Q

Q switch

A

Tattoo removal

181
Q

What manner should you work in?

A

Methodical manner

182
Q

How much should you overlap the spot size?

A

20-30%

183
Q

What should you see on the skin after laser?

A

Perifollicular Erythema Edema

184
Q

How long will hairs shed from follicles?

A

10-20 days

185
Q

How long should you avoid sun after LHR?

A

10 days - 2 weeks

186
Q

What does retinal hazard range to?

A

400-1400nm

187
Q

What does ultraviolet range to?

A

315-390nm

188
Q

What does infrared range to?

A

1400-1nm

189
Q

What is another eyewear besides goggles?

A

Dull metal shield

190
Q

What do goggles measure?

A

Optical density

191
Q

What agency is responsible for epilator?

A

FDA

192
Q

What agency assigns the frequency for epilator?

A

FCC

193
Q

If blood spills on the floor, what do you clean it with?

A

Hospital grade disinfectant

194
Q

What is the single most effective deterrent to spreading disease?

A

Hand washing

195
Q

Universal standard precautions

A

All clients are infectious

196
Q

Microbiology

A

Branch of biology that deals with microscopic organisms

197
Q

Microbes

A

Microscopic organisms that transmit disease

198
Q

Non pathogenic

A

Harmless

199
Q

Pathogenic

A

Disease causing

200
Q

What are the two phases of bacteria?

A

Active/ vegetive
Inactive/ spore forming

201
Q

3 types of bacteria

A

Cocci, bacilli, spirilla

202
Q

What shape is cocci?

A

Round

203
Q

What shape is bacilli?

A

Rod

204
Q

What shape is spirilla?

A

Spiral

205
Q

How does diplococcus grow?

A

In pairs

206
Q

How does streptococcus grow?

A

In chains

207
Q

How does staphylococci grow?

A

In clusters

208
Q

What bacteria is most deadly and most common?

A

Bacilli (TB)

209
Q

What bacteria is the most heat resistance?

A

TB

210
Q

Fungi

A

Mutli cellular plant parasitic

211
Q

What needs a target host cell to survive?

A

Virus

212
Q

What is the most heat resistant virus?

A

HBV

213
Q

When was the first AIDS case?

A

1981

214
Q

How long can HBV live in dry blood?

A

7 days

215
Q

What is the most dangerous virus?

A

HCV

216
Q

How long does HBV vaccine work?

A

15 years

217
Q

How does the HBV vaccination work?

A

1 shot; 1 month later, 2nd shot; 6 months later, 3rd shot

218
Q

Tinea barbae

A

Barbers

219
Q

Tinea Captis

A

Infection of scalp / hair

220
Q

Tinea Pedis

A

Athletes foot

221
Q

What is candida?

A

Yeast infection

222
Q

Verruca

A

Warts

223
Q

Where is herpes type 1?

A

Above waist

224
Q

Where is herpes type 2?

A

Below waist

225
Q

What does high disinfection do?

A

All bacteria are destroyed but some spores survive

226
Q

What does intermediate disinfection do?

A

All bacteria destroyed but almost all spores survive

227
Q

What does low disinfection do?

A

Activity and multiplication stops

228
Q

What level of disinfection is sterilization?

A

High disinfection

229
Q

What are critical items?

A

Items that come in contact with blood

230
Q

Autoclave

A

Steam under pressure

231
Q

What disinfection is used for environmental surfaces?

A

Hospital grade disinfection

232
Q

Asepsis

A

Routine house keeping

233
Q

When was the first case of HIV?

A

1981

234
Q

What 3 common diseases are contracted with HIV?

A

PCP, KS, TB

234
Q

What does OSHA do?

A

Regulates and enforces the law to protect your health and your client

235
Q

What does CDC do?

A

CDC develops and applies disease prevention and control

236
Q

What does the FDA do?

A

Regulates safety of foods

237
Q

What does EPA do?

A

Regulates chemicals and protects human health by safeguarding the natural environment

238
Q

What skin layer forms a barrier to protect underlying tissue?

A

Stratum corneum

239
Q

What skin layer is not present where there are hair follicles?

A

Stratum luciderm

240
Q

Which skin layer consists of small cells which allows light to pass?

A

Stratum luciderm

241
Q

What skin layer produces new epidermal cells through mitosis?

A

Stratum germinitivum

242
Q

Shaft

A

Part of the hair that projects from the surface

243
Q

Root

A

Portion of the hair that is embedded in the dermis

244
Q

Dermal papilla

A

Indentation at the base of the bulb that provides nutrients and blood supply

245
Q

Matrix

A

Structure at the base of the hair bulb that produces new hair

246
Q

Follicle

A

Indentation of the epidermis; anchors the skin

247
Q

What are the two parts of epithelium sheath?

A

Outer component; anchors follicle to dermis
Inner component; anchors tightly to the root

248
Q

Dermal root sheath

A

Supports the hair follicle and separates it from the dermis

249
Q

Arrector pili muscle

A

Tiny bands of smooth muscle that causes the hair to “stand up” when contracted

250
Q

3 regions of hair

A

Medulla, cortex, cuticle

251
Q

What is the medulla?

A

Inner marrow that forms core of some hair and reflects light

252
Q

What is the cortex?

A

Middle that gives hair its color from elongated cells

253
Q

What is the cuticle?

A

Outer part of hair; imbricated cells; no pigment

254
Q

Trichology

A

Structure of hair and it’s diseases

255
Q

What does the pilosebaceous unit contain?

A

Hair bulb, hair follicle, hair papilla, hair shaft, hair root, arrector pili muscle, sebaceous gland

256
Q

What is hair pili?

A

Filament structures that project from the skins surface

257
Q

Pili-multigemini

A

2 or more hairs in a follicle

258
Q

What is the structure of the hair bulb?

A

Medulla, cortex, cuticle of hair, cuticle of inner root sheath, huxleys, henles, outer root sheath, vitrous membrane, connective tissue (dermal sheath)

259
Q

What are the 3 stages of hair growth

A

Anagen, catagen, telogen

260
Q

How long does the catagen phase last?

A

Shortest stage 1-2 weeks

261
Q

How long does the anagen phase last on scalp?

A

Scalp hair during anagen can last up to 6 years

262
Q

How long does the telogen phase last?

A

Can last 3-6 months

263
Q

Anagen

A

Active growth stage

264
Q

Catagen

A

Transitional stage

265
Q

Telogen

A

Resting phase

266
Q

What does the telogen phase look like?

A

Atrophies to form a white keratinized ball

267
Q

What hair phase is the darkest?

A

Anagen

268
Q

Lanugo

A

Type of thin hair with no pigment; usually falls out within first few weeks of birth

269
Q

Vellus

A

Thinner than terminal; “Peach fuzz”

270
Q

Terminal

A

Grows at the follicle bulge (papilla)

271
Q

What causes hair to lose its pigment?

A

As we age, melanocytes produce less melanin

272
Q

What is the function of hair?

A

To protect the body from friction and UV rays

273
Q

Mitosis

A

Cells dividing in skin and hair cells

274
Q

Meiosis

A

Occurs in sex cells when number of chromosomes are reduced by half

275
Q

Mitosis phases

A

Interphase
Prophase
Metaphase
Anaphase
Telophase

276
Q

Mitochondria

A

Power station that produces energy

277
Q

Golgi apparatus

A

Fuel

278
Q

What happens in the interphase during mitosis?

A

Resting phase; cells get bigger

279
Q

What happens in prophase?

A

Chromosomes organize; nucleus disappears

280
Q

What happens in metaphase?

A

Chromosomes align in the middle

281
Q

What happens in anaphase?

A

Separation inside cells

282
Q

What happens in telophase?

A

Separation outside the cell; division almost complete

283
Q

Hypertrichosis

A

Overabundance of hair anywhere

284
Q

Who does hypertrichosis effect?

A

Males and females

285
Q

What does accelerate vellus come back to?

A

Previous vellus

286
Q

Hirsutism

A

Terminal hair growth only in women caused by male androgens in blood

287
Q

Androgens

A

Male hormones

288
Q

Ferriman - Gallwey score

A

Method of evaluating and quantifying hirsutism in women

289
Q

Idiopathic hirsutism

A

Unknown origin

290
Q

In hirsutism, what kind of hair is terminal hairs?

A

Sexual hairs

291
Q

How many locations are in the Ferriman Gallwey score?

A

9 locations

292
Q

What are the 9 locations rated from in the Ferriman Gallwey score?

A

0-4

293
Q

Hirci

A

Armpit

294
Q

Barbae

A

Face

295
Q

Capilli

A

Head

296
Q

Cilia

A

Eyelash

297
Q

Supercilia

A

Eyebrow

298
Q

Tragi

A

Ear

299
Q

Vibrassae

A

Nostrils

300
Q

What part of the body does hirsutism effect besides hair?

A

Adrenal glands, ovaries, gonads

301
Q
A

Esthetics final exam (2 decks)

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