IB Language and Literature Paper 1 Terms Flashcards
1
Q
What does an advertisement aim to do?
A
Persuade.
2
Q
Problem and benefit
A
appealing to the desires of its readers.
3
Q
Image
A
images often tell visual narratives, or employ tactics such as ‘shock value’ or ‘sex sells.’
4
Q
Slogan
A
Slogans should be short, catchy, memorable and should have a relationship with the image;
5
Q
Anchoring
A
When the slogan has a relationship with an image.
6
Q
Copy
A
The big paragraph related to the image.
7
Q
Association in Advertisements
A
Selling values with the products usually done with symbolism and projecting,
8
Q
Testimonial
A
satisfied quotations of customers who already used the product and are delighted with their purchase.
9
Q
Celebrity Testimonial.
A
satisfied quotations of celebrities who already used the product and are delighted with their purchase.
10
Q
Advertising claims
A
weasel words, scientific claims, vague language, or bandwagon claims
11
Q
jargon
A
sounds impressive, but doesn’t communicate meaning.
12
Q
weasel words
A
words or phrases used to avoid being forthright. e.g. a bit/likely
13
Q
Charity Appeals aim to…
A
Persuade you into action or donation
14
Q
Pathos
A
appealing to emotions such as anger, pity, guilt, sympathy, and so on, charity adverts make it more likely that you will want to respond.
15
Q
Hard Hitting
A
hard-hitting shock tactics to spur the reader of this text type into action.
16
Q
Credibility
A
trustworthy = Look for information that suggests your donations will make a positive change, perhaps in the form of facts and statistics.
17
Q
Metonymy in Charity Appeals
A
introduce you to a single individual who represents all those who your donation goes towards helping
18
Q
Direct Address
A
charity ads will often address the reader with the word ‘you’, striving to make a strong connection.
19
Q
Visual Direct Address
A
a person in the advert is making eye contact with you
20
Q
Recruitment campaigns aim to…
A
to encourage people to support a cause.
21
Q
imperatives
A
You should! You must!
22
Q
Visuals
A
can be wholly visual, but likely to have some accompanying text (multi-modal).
23
Q
Typography
A
Fonts, capitalisation, size, colour etc.
24
Q
Card-stacking
A
Ignoring parts of the argument that don’t fit your agenda
25
Simplification
reduce complex issues to simple solutions.
26
Stereotypes
Widely held simplification.
27
Exaggeration
Hyperbolising and idea.
28
distortion
the action of giving a misleading account or impression.
29
subjectivity
the quality of being based on or influenced by personal feelings, tastes, or opinions.
30
fabrication
the action or process of manufacturing or inventing something.
30
Symbolism
elements of the text will connote concepts that are integral to the writer’s message.
31
Ethos
the speaker establishes his or her credibility and may allude to a moral, social or spiritual leader with whom the audience cannot disagree.
32
Logos
clear, reasonable arguments, facts and statistics and quoting experts in the field
33
What do speeches aim to achieve?
Persuasion.
34
Modality
modal verbs are small but important words (such as ‘must’, ‘need’, ‘should’, ‘might,’ and so on) that reveal the speaker’s degree of certainty and strength of feeling.
35
glittering generalisations
words to trick us into accepting and approving of things without examining the evidence carefully.
36
slippery slope
The slippery slope fallacy works by creating an assumed relationship between two or more events.
37
Example of slippery slope
e.g. that building new cell phone towers will disorient birds,
38
Opinion columns aim to...
persuade but not always.
39
Perspective
viewpoint
40
Solid Arguments
open your eyes to the reality of an issue, providing facts, statistics and information to help convince you of the writer’s viewpoint.
41
Assertion
presents an opinion as if it were a fact.
42
Anecdotes
a small story from his or her personal experience in order to demonstrate a thoughtful approach to the topic at hand.
43
Structure in opinion columns.
suspense and the opinion is often obvious from the title or first few lines of the article. The rest of the article should support or develop the writer’s point in a number of ways. The ending should be strong and certain, perhaps reiterating the writer’s position.
44
Register and tone in opinion columns
Opinion pieces are often formal,
irreverent tone, be passionate, conversational, friendly, challenging, even sarcastic depending on the tactics used to convince you of a particular opinion.
45
irreverent tone
lacking proper respect or seriousness
46
Concession
acknowledgement that the writer’s opinion is flawed in some way.
46
Concession
acknowledgement that the writer’s opinion is flawed in some way.
47
Comic strip purpose.
humorous; their primary purpose is to entertain. Nevertheless the strip may make a serious point about a local or global issue.
48
Comic strips are arranged in...
Panels
49
Comic strips are arranged...
Linear
50
The white space between the panels is.
Gutters
51
Exposition
text that tells the story is presented as captions.
52
Speech and thought bubbles
read the internal and external dialogue of the characters.
53
Spatial Mechanics
the use of space within and between each frame.
54
Temporal Mechanics
time can be slowed down, sped up or stopped.
55
Artistic Style
Are the pictures crisp, heavy, weighty, light, cartoony, realistic, bright, dark?
What material?
56
Graphic weight
shading and contrast
57
Saturation
brightness
58
Emanata
items such as dots, lines, exclamation marks or onomatopoeia that depict action, emotion or sound.
58
Emanata
items such as dots, lines, exclamation marks or onomatopoeia that depict action, emotion or sound.
59
Cartoonification
Simplified
60
Photorealistic
lifelike
61
Punchline
the joke is revealed in the last panel.
61
Satirical Cartoons
use hum
62
irony
meaning when one’s actions contradict one’s words = saying one thing but doing another.
63
Political cartoons
use political events
64
editorial cartoons
Use political and or other events
65
Caricature
people are simplified, exaggerated or distorted for effect
66
Synecdoche
whereby a part of something is made to stand for the whole.
67
labelled
Sometimes items are labelled in the text to help the reader make associations.
68
Allusion
refer to historical or political events outside the text.
69
Tone in satirical cartoons
scathing, sarcastic, pointed, or critical
70
Headline
bold text that reveals the topic of the article and should provide a hook for the reader.
71
Layout in magazine articles
look out for box-outs, bullet points, ears and other kinds of layout features.
72
Box outs
square-shaped design element that contains text or graphics separate from the main body of text or graphics on the page
73
Sidebar
a short article in a newspaper or magazine placed alongside a main article and containing additional or explanatory material.
74
Bullet points
Short phrases attached with a dot
75
Entertainment
Information may be displayed in an appealing way,
76
Pull Quotes
text that is pulled from the text—that is, duplicated—and presented on the page as an attention-grabbing visual element
77
Sub headings
Bold text that reveals the topic of next section
78
Buzzwords
words that are popular at the time of publication.
79
Interactive Features
embedded videos, hyperlinks and tabs.
80
Embedded interviews
experts on or participants in the topic at hand are often interviewed and quotations are used throughout the article.
81
Question-Answer
presents the questions asked and responses using quotations (direct speech).
82
Register in interviews
Like speech = Look out for colloquialisms, idioms, contractions and even jokes.
83
Quotation in interviews
a mixture of direct quotation and indirect free speech.
84
Topics
leading questions to take the conversation in a particular direction.
85
Them and us
he text creates a divide between celebrities and ‘us’, the reader, or represents the interviewee as special in some way.
86
Viewpoint
blogs normally represent the interests and opinions of an individual, so are normally first person.
87
Purpose of blogs
Inform readers about area of interest
Discuss and event or issue
Diary = reflecting on an experience
88
Diction
specialist vocabulary or use technical terms.
89
Structure in blogs
chronological and linear structures with subheadings, clear connectives or other features helping organise the text.
90
Neutral language in information texts
the register should be formal or semi-formal, the language accessible and the tone neutral.
91
Linear Layout
use box-outs, lists, bullet points, page dividers and other organisational features to help guide you step-by-step through the text.
92
Non linear layout
Non conventional layout
93
Facts and Statistics
percentages; graphs; charts or numbers. Look for credible sources that are cited.
94
General Information
General information
95
Specific detail
Specific detail
96
Audience of an infographic
reach as wide an audience as possible. As always look out for technical language that might indicate a niche audience.
97
summary
overall simplification of an area
98
Icons
Icons are simplified images that symbolise certain ideas from the text.
99
snippets
brief chunks of text
100
Structure of infographics
ittle visual narratives that tell a simple story, so look out for structural elements that help you decode the sequence of events.
101
Design features of infographics
Colour, typography, font and other design features
102
Diction in scientific articles
writing about science and nature will involve using a specialist vocabulary of technical and precise terms
103
Comparisons
some scientific concepts are quite abstract or complex, so writers of scientific articles might use similes and comparisons to make them easier for a wider readership to visualise.
104
Linear Structure in scientific articles
A text might provide a timeline or historical overview. Boxouts, summaries, explainers, glossaries can all help communicate complicated ideas.
105
Glossaries
Mini dictionary often at end
106
Masthead
a strip across the top of a newspaper front page containing the name of the newspaper, the date of publication and the price.
107
Slammer
A two-part headline that uses a bold word or phrase to lead into the main headline.
108
Pun
Play on words
109
Alliteration
same starting letter for words
110
Elliptical Headlines
only include the keywords
111
Jump headline
the headline printed over the continued portion of a story in a newspaper, magazine, etc., usually condensed from the main headline.
112
Bias/Emotional imagery
pictures of people’s faces, which reveal emotion and create bias.
113
Selection Bias
the choice of what content to include and what to exclude
114
Name calling
the use of offensive names especially to win an argument or to induce rejection or condemnation (as of a person or project) without objective consideration of the facts.
115
News reports often use figurative language like...
metaphor,
simile,
hyperbole,
sensationalism,
and exaggeration,
116
sensationalism
the presentation of stories in a way that is intended to provoke public interest or excitement, at the expense of accuracy.
117
Modifiers
the function of adjectives and adverbs are to describe.
118
Descriptive passages
Non fiction writers usually to explain something.
119
sensory images
images that evoke the senses
120
tactile images
of or connected with the sense of touch.
121
kinaesthetic
person's awareness of the position and movement of the parts of the body
122
olfactory
(the sense of smell
123
Structure in diaries
chronological.
124
Flashbacks
when the writer begins at the end, then goes back to explore how and why an event happened.
125
caustic
Sarcastic and bitter
126
scathing
Scornful or critical
127
Colloquialism
Figures of speech
128
Name and Address
formal letters are posted to the recipient, so give information allowing the receiver to reply.
128
Common Purpose of letters
to complain,
to seek advice,
to connect with a loved one
even to pass gossip
129
Salutation
Dear…’ or even ‘To whom this may concern…’ to a quick ‘Hi…’
130
Sign off
How they end the letter
131
Structure of travel writing
chronological with sub headings, dates to help guide the reader.
132
Architectural information
Information about buildings
133
Geographical information
Information about geography
134
Common Visuals in travel writing
photographs, maps, or floor plans of famous locations are all visual features
135
guidebooks
a book of information about a place designed for the use of visitors or tourists
136
Advisory texts tone
Authoritative
137
The imperative tense
the position of the verb at or near the start of the sentence.
138
cause-and-effect
if you do this what will happen
139
step-by-step guides
easy to follow instructions
140
Allegory
characters and objects often stand for things greater than themselves.
141
Diction in children stories
easy language and vocab
142
synonyms
near words
143
Fable
anthropomorphises animals with a lesson at the end
144
anthropomorphises
makes non human things human
145
Didactic
lesson or moral
146
Didactic
lesson or moral
