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IB Antropology > IB ENGLISH > Flashcards

IB ENGLISH Flashcards

1
Q

Ethos

A

When a writer tries to persuade the audience to respect and believe them based on a presentation of image of self through the test. Reputation is sometimes a factor in ethical appeal, but it all cases the aim is to gain the audiences confidence (credibility)

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2
Q

Pathos/Humerous

A

When a writer tries to persuade the audience by appealing to their emotions. The aspects of a literary work that elicit sorrow or pity from the audience. An appeal to emotion that can be used as a means to persuade. Over-emotionalism can be the result of an excess of pathos (emotion)

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3
Q

Logos

A

When a writer tries to persuade the audience based on statistics, facts, and reasons. The process of reasoning (logic)

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4
Q

Evidence

A

Writers use evidence to make their argument stronger and bolster their credibility. There are three main types of evidence: Anecdotal; Expert Opinion and Statistical

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5
Q

Expert opinion

A

To make a writer’s position seem more credible, they may quote the opinions of experts that correspond with their own. As in a court case, experts are often called on to make one side seem stronger and more believable

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6
Q

Statistical evidence

A

Like any form of evidence, statistics can be used to make an argument seem more conclusive, a writers opinion more valid. Often statistics are used that are out of context, or from unreliable sources. As the saying goes, ‘‘There are lies, demand lies, and statistics”.

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7
Q

Anecdotal evidence

A

An anecdote is a tale involving real life events, a true story. Such stories can be used by writers as evidence to back their claims. To support a contention, and to make themselves appear more credible, writers often use personal anecdotes

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8
Q

Syntax

A

The way words are put together to form phrases, clauses, and sentences. It is a sentence structure and how it influences the way a reader perceives a piece of writing

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9
Q

Repetition

A

When used sparingly for effect, it can reinforce the writer’s message and/or entertain the reader. Writers may repeat a word, a phrase, or an entire sentence for emphasis

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10
Q

Cumulation

A

Using many similar words in a short space to give weight to the idea being expressed

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11
Q

Alliteration

A

This refers to the repetition of the first sound in consecutive words, an effect which draws attention to the words in question

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12
Q

Anaphora

A

the use of a word referring to or replacing a word used earlier in a sentence, to avoid repetition

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13
Q

Epistrophe

A

A word or phrase repeated at the end of consecutive lines

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14
Q

Parallelism

A

The technique of arranging words, phrases, clauses, or larger structures by pacing them side by side and making them similar in form

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15
Q

Understatement

A

The ironic minimizing of fact, understatement presents something as less significant than it is. The effect can frequently be humorous and empathetic

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16
Q

Expletive

A

Figure of emphasis in which a single word or short phrase, usually interrupting normal speech, is used to lend emphasis to the words on either side of the expletive (ex: in fact, of course, to be sure)

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17
Q

Invective

A

An emotionally violent, verbal denunciation or attack using strong, abusive language

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18
Q

Tone

A

Similar to mood,but describes the author’s attitude toward his material, the audience, or both

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19
Q

Undertone

A

An attitude that may lie under the ostensible tone of the piece

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20
Q

Colloquial Language

A

Refers to the usage of informal or everyday language. This slang can be used in different days. It can set the writer up as knowledgeable, on the inside of a social group

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21
Q

Inclusive Language

A

Aims to directly address the reader, either personally or as a member of a shared group. This involves words as us, we, you, our

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22
Q

Synthetic Personalization

A

The process of addressing mass audiences as though they were individuals through inclusive language use. This is often done through second person in advertisements

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23
Q

Diction

A

Writers reinforce arguments by choosing words. Choice of vocab words to express a certain idea

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24
Q

Connotation

A

An idea or feeling that a word invokes in addition to its literal or primary meaning

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25
Q

Denotation

A

The actual meaning of a word

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26
Q

Euphemism

A

A more acceptable way of saying something uncomfortable (collateral damage instead of civilian death)

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27
Q

Lexical Cluster

A

Words pertaining to a particular group or idea. For example words relating to water or nature

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28
Q

Ambiguity

A

Use of language in which multiple meanings are possible; can be understood in two or more possible meanings

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29
Q

Analogy

A

Comparing one situation to another. For example, comparing the game of football to war

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30
Q

Imagery

A

Sensory details in a work; the use of figurative language to evoke a feeling, call to a mind an idea, or describe n object. Imagery involves any or all of the five senses

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31
Q

Hyperbole

A

Completely overstating and exaggerating your point for effect

32
Q

Metaphor

A

A figure of speech using implied comparison of seemingly unlike things or the substitution of one for the other, suggesting some similarity. Metaphorical language makes writing more vivid, imaginative, though provoking and meaningful

33
Q

Metonymy

A

A figure of speech in which the name of one object is substituted for that of another closely associated with it. The substituted term carries a more potent emotional response

34
Q

Symbol/Symbolism

A

Anything that represents itself and stands for something else. Usually a symbol is something concrete - such as object, action, character or scene - that represents something for abstract

35
Q

Synecdouche

A

Is the type of metaphor in which the part of something is used to refer to the whole, or visa versa

36
Q

Concession

A

Acknowledging the opposition’s main idea

37
Q

Appeal to authority

A

A writer may mention an important event or person in an essay to lend importance or credibility to his/her argument

38
Q

Facts

A

Using statistics or data to support an argument

39
Q

Rhetorical Question

A

Sometimes a writer or speaker will ask a question to which no answer is required. The answer is obvious so the reader has no choice but to agree with the writers point

40
Q

Irony

A

When the writers words contain more than one meaning. This may be a form of sarcasm, gently irony, or a pun (play on words). It can be used to add humor or to emphasize an implied meaning under the surface

41
Q

Testimonial

A

Using words of an expert, a famous or regular ‘‘JOE’’ to persuade others

42
Q

Bandwagon

A

Persuade people to do something by letting them know others are all doing it as well

43
Q

Name Calling

A

Describing poor aspects of a competitor’s argument/product so that your argument/product seems better

44
Q

Card Stacking

A

Telling the facts for one side only

45
Q

Hypophora

A

Figure of reasoning in which one or more questions is/are asked and then answered by length, by one and the speaker; raising and responding to one’s own questions

46
Q

Chiasmus

A

A figure of speech in which two successive phrases or clauses are parallel in syntax, but reverse the order of analogous words

47
Q

Antithesis

A

The presentation of two contrasting ideas. The ideas are balanced by word, phrase, clauses, or paragraph

48
Q

Asyndeton

A

Refers to the omission of a conjunction such as ‘‘and’’ or ‘‘as’’ from a series of related clauses. Its function is usually to accelerate a passage and emphasize the significance of the relation between these clauses (ex: I came, I saw, I conquered’’

49
Q

Polysyndeton

A

A figure of speech in which several conjunctions are used to join connected clauses in places where they are not contextually necessary (ex: The dinner was so good; I ate the chicken, and the salad, and the turkey)

50
Q

Juxtaposition

A

To place two concepts, characters, ideas or places near or next to each other so that the reader will compare and contrast them

51
Q

Epistrophe

A

A figure of speech that involves the repetition of a word or phrase at the end of successive clauses or sentences. It is the opposite of anaphora, which is the repetition of words at the beginning of successive clauses or sentences

52
Q

Tricolon

A

A rhetorical term for a series of three parallel words, phrases or clauses

53
Q

Verbal Irony

A

Saying the opposite of what one means (often sarcastically)

54
Q

Puns

A

Jokes the exploit the different possible meanings of a word

55
Q

Euphemism

A

A mild or indirect word or expression substituted for one considered to be too harsh or blunt when referring to something unpleasant or embarrassing

56
Q

Types of comparisons:

A

Analogies, metaphors and similes – purpose is for explanation or clarification

57
Q

Loaded language

A

Language that has strong emotional implications and involves strongly positive or negative reactions beyond their literal meaning

58
Q

Sensationalism

A

The use of exciting or shocking stories or language at the expense of accuracy, in order to provoke public interest or excitement

59
Q

Biased/stereotypical language

A

Contains words or phrases that are offensive, prejudiced, excluding, or hurtful. It makes certain people or groups feel misunderstood, cast out, or misrepresented.

60
Q

Direct address

A

’’ You’’.. Any construct in which a speaker is talking directly to an individual or group. It enhances the interest of the reader as it directly talks with them; it makes the reader care about the subject matter; it establishes a relationship between the reader and the writer.

61
Q

Extrinsic Ethos

A

Identifies the credentials of the writer or other experts featured in the text

62
Q

Intrinsic Ethos

A

How the writers portrays themselves through solely the text. The way the text is written and how it conveys the main message builds the authors character, therefore establishing credibility

63
Q

Jargon

A

The specific type of language used by a particular group or profession. Readers can interpret whom it belongs to based on its sense of individuality

64
Q

Inductive Reasoning

A

From a set of ‘‘particular’’ instance, we can derives a more general or universal claim. Ability to recognize meaningful patterns and connections

65
Q

Deductive Reasoning

A

From one universal ‘‘truth’’, specific claims are derived

66
Q

Levels of Diction: Formal, Semi-formal, Informal

A

Formal: Written to an unknown audience – eliminates any misunderstandings and sounds polite and professional.
Informal: Written to a well-known individual
Informal: Conversational Colloquial – used for personal or casual purpose to develop and comf. relationship with reader

67
Q

Assertive

A

Having or showing a confident and forceful personality.

68
Q

Authoritative

A

Commanding and confident tone builds trust .. makes info seem accurate or true; reliable.

69
Q

Candid

A

Truthful and straightforward; frank

70
Q

Dramatic

A

Talking or behaving in a way that makes something seem much worse, more serious, more frightening, etc. (more entertaining)

71
Q

Humble

A

Having or showing a modest or low estimate of one’s own importance.

72
Q

Informative

A

Providing useful or interesting knwoledge.

73
Q

Objective

A

Not influenced by personal feelings or opinions in considering and representing facts; non biased

74
Q

Pretentious

A

Attempting to impress by affecting greater importance, talent, culture, etc., than is actually possessed

75
Q

Target Audiences

A

The specific group (intended audience) that is the focus for communications, media, entertainment, info, advertising. A well defined TA can be used to tailor messages to your audience and to find avenues where they can be reached.

76
Q

Commercial, environmental, advocacy and philanthropic websites purpose?

A

Attract consumers, donors/activists (more formal, semi-formal diction, short/medium paragraphs, logo, tagline, photos)

77
Q

Blogs

A

Inform, persuade, and/or entertain, can be commercial or related to other services (less formal, informal, headlines/sub headlines, paragraph length and structure varies)

IB Antropology (3 decks)

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