IB Biology: Level 4 - Eukaryotic Cells 1.2,1.4, and 1.5 Flashcards
Features of a Prokaryotic cell
- Cytoplasm
- Nucleoid
- Plasmids
- Ribosomes (70S)
- Cell membrane
- Cell wall
- Slime capsule
- Flagella
- Pili
Features of a Eukaryotic cell
- Plasma membrane
- lysosome
- Golgi apparatus
- Mitochondria
- Ribosomes (80S)
- Nucleus
- Nucleolus
- Smooth Endoplasmic reticulum
- Rough Endoplasmic reticulum
State the structure and function of Ribosomes (universal organelle)
STRUCTURE: Made up of 2 subunits of RNA and protein; larger in eukaryotes (80S) than prokaryotes (70S).FUNCTION: It is the site of polypeptide synthesis (also called translation)
State the structure and function of the Plasma membrane (universal organelle)
STRUCTURE: Phospholipid bilayer embedded with proteinsFUNCTION: Semi-permeable and selective barrier surrounding the cell
State the structure and function of the Nucleus (eukaryotic organelle)
STRUCTURE: Double membrane structure with pores, contains an inner region called a nucleolusFUNCTION: Stores genetic material (DNA) as chromatin; nucleolus is site of ribosome assembly
State the structure and function of Endoplasmic Reticulum (eukaryotic organelle)
STRUCTURE: A membrane network that may be bare (smooth ER) or studded with ribosomes (rough ER)FUNCTION: Transports materials between organelles (smooth ER = lipids; rough ER = proteins)
State the structure and function of the Golgi Apparatus (eukaryotic organelle)
STRUCTURE: An assembly of vesicles and folded membranes located near the cell membraneFUNCTION: Involved in the sorting, storing, modification and export of secretory products
State the structure and function of the Mitochondrion (eukaryotic organelle)
STRUCTURE: Double membrane structure, inner membrane highly folded into internal cristaeFUNCTION: Site of aerobic respiration (ATP production)
State the structure and function of the Chloroplast (eukaryotic organelle/plant cells only)
STRUCTURE: Double membrane with internal stacks of membranous disks (thylakoids)FUNCTION: Site of photosynthesis - manufactured organic molecules are stored in various plastids
State the structure and function of a Vacuole (eukaryotic organelle/plant cells only)
STRUCTURE: Fluid-filled internal cavity surrounded by a membrane (tonoplast)FUNCTION: Maintains hydrostatic pressure
State the structure and function of the Cell Wall (eukaryotic organelle/plant cells only)
STRUCTURE: External outer covering made of celluloseFUNCTION: Provides support and mechanical strength; prevents excess water uptake
State the structure and function of the Lysosome (eukaryotic organelle/animal cells)
STRUCTURE: Membranes sacs filled with hydrolytic enzymesFUNCTION: Breakdown/hydrolysis of macromolecules
Cell
the basic unit of structure and function in living things
Cell theory
a widely accepted explanation of the relationship between cells and living things
Unicellular
made of a single cell
Multicellular
consisting of many cells
Tissue
a group of similar cells that perform the same function
Organ
a structure in the body that is composed of different kinds of tissue
Organ System
a group of organs that work together to perform a major function in the body
Organelle
a tiny cell structure that carries out a specific function within the cell
Cell Wall
a rigid layer of nonliving material that surrounds the cells of plants and some other organisms
Cytoskeleton
a protein “framework” inside a cell that gives the cell a shape
Cell Membrane
the outside cell boundary that controls which substances can enter or leave the cell
Nucleus
the control center of a eukaryotic cell that directs the cell’s activities and contains the information that determines the cell’s form and function
Cytoplasm
the material within a cell apart from the nucleus
Mitochondria
rod-shaped cell structures that convert energy in food molecules to energy the cell can use to carry out its functions
Endoplasmic reticulum
a cell structure that forms passageways in which proteins and other materials are carried through the cell
Ribosome
a small grain-like structure in the cytoplasm of a cell where proteins are made
Golgi body
a structure in a cell that receives proteins and other newly formed materials from the endoplasmic reticulum, packages them, and distributes them to other parts of the cell
Chloroplast
a structure in the cells of plants and some other organisms that captures energy from sunlight and uses it to produce food
Vacuole
a sac inside a cell that acts as a storage area
Lysosome
a small, round cell structure containing chemicals that break down large food particles into smaller ones
Element
any substance that cannot be broken down into simpler substances
Compound
two or more elements that are chemically combined
Carbohydrate
an energy-rich organic compound made of the elements of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen
Protein
large, organic molecule made of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and sometimes sulfur
Amino Acid
a small molecule that is linked chemically to other amino acids to form proteins
Enzyme
a protein that speeds up chemical reactions in a living thing
Lipid
energy-rich organic compound, such as fat, oil, or wax, that is made of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen
Nucleic Acid
very large organic molecule made of carbon, oxygen, hydrogen, nitrogen, and phosphorus, that contains the instructions cells need to carry out all the functions of life
DNA
deoxyribonucleic acid; the genetic material that carries information about an organism and is passed from parent to offspring
RNA
ribonucleic acid; a nucleic acid that plays an important role in the production of proteins
Selectively permeable
a property of cell membranes that allows some substances to pass through, while others cannot
