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IASM > IAS19-21,23,29-30,39 > Flashcards

IAS19-21,23,29-30,39 Flashcards

1
Q

The embryonic origin of epithelium? Examples of epithelium for each?

A

Ectoderm: skin epithelium

Mesoderm: endothelium of blood vessels, lymphatics, mesothelium (pericardium, peritoneum, pleura), urogenital system (genital ducts, urinary ducts and tubules)

endoderm: GI tract lining, lining of lower respiratory system

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2
Q

Features of epithelial tissues?

A

1) lie on basement membrane
2) avascular
3) junctional complexes present to form 1 continuous layer
4) presence of cytokeratin for attaching to junctional complexes
5) little or no intracellular matrix

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3
Q

Examples of simple squamous epithelium?

A

Endothelium of blood vessels, mesothelium, respiratory epithelium

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4
Q

Example of stratified squamous epithelium (keratinized and non-keratinized)

A

Keratinized: skin epithelium
non-keratinized: esophagus lining, vaginal lining, buccal cavity lining

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5
Q

Example of stratified cuboidal epithelium?

A

Rare and uncommon type of epithelium: duct of sweat gland

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6
Q

Example of simple cuboidal epithelium?

A

Lining of most ducts, eg pancreatic gland, thyroid gland

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7
Q

Example of simple columnar epithelium?

A

Absorptive lining of small intestine, oviduct (ciliated)

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8
Q

Example of stratified columnar epithelium?

A

Lining of large excretory ducts, anus

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9
Q

Example of pseudostratified columnar epithelium?

A

Lining of trachea, bronchi, epididymis

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10
Q

Example of transitional epithelium?

A

Urinary bladder lining

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11
Q

Functions of microvilli and their mechanism for their function?

A

For absorption of nutrients from intestinal lumen

mechanism of absorption: microvilli have actin core connected to terminal web, when terminal web contracts microvilli can absorb foodstuff

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12
Q

Functions of cilia and mechanism of action?

A

Coordinated unidirectional movement

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13
Q

What are junctional complexes composed of?

A

Tight junction, Adhering junction, desmosome/hemidesmosome

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14
Q

Which components of junctional complex are belt like structures and their function?

A

Tight junction, adhering junctions

functions:
tight junction for sealing, prevent fluid leakage between epithelial cells (vacuum seal)

adhering junction for adhesion between cells (aa glue)

desmosomes: connected to cytokeratin fibers, anchor the cells together to prevent damage when stretched/when tearing forces applied(anchor)

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15
Q

Functions of gap junctions?

A

communication, coordinated muscle contraction

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16
Q

Serous meaning?

A

watery protein-based secretions, basophilic

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17
Q

Mucinous meaning?

A

thick mucin-based secretions, pale stain

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18
Q

Merocrine vs apocrine vs holocrine?

A

Merocrine: exocytosis
apocrine: loss apical (decapitation secretion)
holocrine: lysis of entire secreting unit

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19
Q

Locations where mucous membranes are located?

A

body cavity connecting to outside (eg respiratory, GI, GU tract)

in the epithelium and connective tissue (lamina propria + muscularis mucosae)

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20
Q

Locations where serous membrane are located?

A

Lining of peritoneal, pleural and pericardial cavities

in the mesothelium and connective tissues

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21
Q

Connective tissue origins?

A

From the mesoderm: undifferentiated mesenchymal cells (resident cells) AND hematopoietic stem cells (transient cells)

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22
Q

What cells derives from mesenchyme?

A

Chicken wing -

fibroblasts (the meat)
osteoblasts (bone)
Chondroblast (cartilage)
adipocyte (fat)

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23
Q

What cells derive from blood?

A

RBC
Megakaryocyte (platelet)
basophil, eosinophil, neutrophil, lymphocyte
monocyte
mast cell

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24
Q

Features of connective tissue?

A

1) NO cellular junctions
2) DOES NOT rest on basement membrane
3) Rich blood supply
4) No cytokeratin
5) abundant ECM

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25
Q

Types of connective tissue?

A

Embryonic connective tissue: mesenchyme, mucous connective tissue (eg umbilical cord)

mesenchyme differentiates into:

1)connective tissue proper (lamina propria, dermis of skin, tendon, ligament)

2) specialized connective tissue (bones and cartilage, adipose tissue)

3) hematopoeitic tissues (may not be from mesenchyme)

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26
Q

Composition of connective tissue?

A

Extracellular matrix, cellular component

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27
Q

Extracellular matrix components?

A

Fibrous components, ground substances

fibrous components: collagen 3, collagen 1 (MOST ABUNDANT), elastic fibers (elastin, fibrillin)

ground substances:
proteoglycan: core protein + GAG - component of hyaluronic acid

glycoprotein

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28
Q

Types of cartilage? Their appearance/morphology?

A

Hyaline - glassy, less cells

fibrocartilage - regular fibers

elastic cartilage - bundles of irregularly arranged elastic fibers

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29
Q

Loose connective tissue examples?

A

Lamina propria, mesentery

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30
Q

Dense connective tissue types and examples?

A

Dense irregular: dermis of skin

dense regular: tendons, ligaments, aponeurosis

31
Q

Functions/morphology of cellular components of connective tissues?

A

Fibroblast: Synthesize fibrous components and ground substance (ECM)
Fibroblast (active) > fibrocyte (quiescent)

Macrophage: For ingestion of particles and digestion by lysosomal enzymes, For immune defense (antigen presentation, secrete growth factors & cytokines)

Phagocytic, from monocyte
Mononuclear phagocyte system
Kupffer cells in liver, microglial cells in CNS, Langerhans cells in skin, osteoclasts in bone

Mast cell: Cell surface receptors for IgE, Granule (heparin, histamine) release triggered by antigen binding to IgE

Plasma cell: From B cell, for synthesis of antibody, Eccentrically placed nucleus (clock-face), basophilic cytoplasm

Leukocyte: Migrate from blood during inflammation
Neutrophil, eosinophil, basophil, lymphocyte

Adipose cell
Unilocular (white) vs multilocular (brown)
White: main energy source
Brown: numerous mitochondria, important in first few months postnatal

32
Q

Properties of type 1 skeletal muscle? (in terms of:
1)color and/or oxidative property
2) twitch and fatigue
2)myoglobin/mitochondria/blood capillary content,
3) contraction time and respiration type,
4) ATP enzyme velocity and ATP production mechanism

A

1) red meat, slow oxidative
2) slow twitch, fatigue resistant
3) high amount of myoglobin, mitochondria, blood capillaries (so appears red?)
4) long and slow contraction, aerobic respiration
5) lower ATP enzyme velocity, ATP produced by oxidative phosphorylation

33
Q

Properties of type 2a skeletal muscle? (in terms of:
1) oxidative property
2) twitch and fatigue
3)myoglobin/mitochondria/blood capillary content,
4) contraction time and respiration type,
5) ATP enzyme velocity and ATP production mechanism

A

1) fast oxidative glycolytic
2) fast twitch, fatigue resistant
3) intermediate between type 1 and 2b
4) intermediate contraction time (faster than type 1 but slower than type 2b), can be both aerobic/anaerobic respiration
5) intermediate ATP enzyme velocity, both oxidative phosphorylation and glycolysis used for ATP production

34
Q

Properties of type 2b skeletal muscle? (in terms of:
1) oxidative property, color
2) twitch and fatigue
3)myoglobin/mitochondria/blood capillary content,
4) contraction time and respiration type,
5) ATP enzyme velocity and ATP production mechanism

A

1） fast glycolytic, white meat
2) fast twitch, fatigue prone
3) lowest amount of myoglobin, mitochondria, blood capillaries compared to t1 and t2a
4) fast contraction time, anaerobic respiration
5) fast ATP enzyme velocity, exclusively by glycolysis

35
Q

which 2 muscle types are striated and their distribution

A

cardiac (walls of heart, vena cava, pulmonary vein)

skeletal (attached to skeleton or visceral tissue)

36
Q

smooth muscle distribution

A

walls of blood vessels, glands, organs, viscera

37
Q

cellular unit of skeletal muscle?

A

1 muscle fiber - formed of multiple myogenic cells fused together

38
Q

How are the calcium releasing units arranged in skeletal and cardiac muscle

A

c+t+c in skeletal, triad at AI junction

c+t dyad in cardiac, at Z line

39
Q

Functions and morphology of intercalated discs of cardiac muscle?

A

Adhering junction - transverse, the z line for muscle attachment

desmosome - transverse and lateral, protect gap junction from stretch and tear

gap junction - lateral, for transmission of electrical synapse and synchronized muscle contraction

40
Q

Which muscle type has NO t tubule

A

smooth muscle

41
Q

nucleus position of the types of muscle cells?

A

skeletal: peripheral
cardiac, smooth: central

42
Q

Muscle response to increased demand?

A

Skeletal, cardiac: hypertrophy ONLY
smooth: hypertrophy and HYPERPLASIA

43
Q

CNS components of white and gray matter? and functions of white and gray matter?

A

gray: for synapses - neuron cell body, glial cells, unmyelinated neuropil, capillaries

white body - for signal transmission (like wires): glial cells, myelinated axons

44
Q

PNS components?

A

Ganglion - cell bodies, nerves: bundles of myelinated/unmyelinated axons and glial cells

45
Q

Examples of pseudounipolar and bipolar neurons?

A

Pseudo: dorsal root ganglion cell
bipolar: retina, olfactory cells

46
Q

Initial region of axon function?

A

Initiate action potential

47
Q

CNS neuroglia? Functions?

A

Astrocytes (white matter: fibrous, grey matter: proteoplasmic), ependymal cells, microglia, oligodendrocyte

astrocyte: maintain blood brain barrier, injury response, physical and metabolic support for neurons, buffer electrolyte and neurotransmitter

ependymal cells: composes part of choroid plexus to produce CSF

oligodendrocyte: accelerate transmission of action potential, electrical insulation and protection

microglia: immune surveillance, antigen presentation, phagocytic, remove debris in injury

48
Q

PNS neuroglia?

A

Schwann cells (axons), perineuronal satellite cells (ganglion)

49
Q

PNS injury and regeneration?

A

1) lots of toxic debris
2) debris removed very quickly
3) wallerian degeneration
4) schwann cells form myelin sheath to reach original target
5) axon grows back to function normally

50
Q

CNS injury and regeneration?

A

1) lots of toxic debris
2) microglia cannot move to remove debris quickly because of BBB
3) astrocytes rush to rescue and forms glial scar
4) regeneration route completely cut off by glial scar
5) debris still present, releases inhibitors to prevent regeneration

51
Q

Skin layers? the appendages?

A

Epidermis, dermis, subcutaneous layer

appendages: hair, nails, adnexal structures (pilosebaceous units, eccrine, apocrine glands)

52
Q

Epidermis layers from bottom to surface? how long does it take for cells to proliferate up to surface? What cells make up epidermis?

A

Stratified basale, stratified spinosum, stratified granulosum, stratified corneum, 30 days, keratinocytes

53
Q

Function of dermo-epithelial junction?

A

Adhesion - pemphigoid blister results as epidermis loses adhesion
cellular migration (for wound healing)
cellular signalling between epithelium and dermis

54
Q

The most abundant type of collagen in connective tissue?

The types of collagen in epidermis to connective tissue?

A

Collagen 1

epithelium: 7
basal lamina: 4
reticular lamina: 3
connective tissue: 3,1

55
Q

2 layers of basement membrane?

A

Basal lamina, reticular lamina

56
Q

Functions of subcutis?

A

Calorie reserve
heat insulation
cushion effect

57
Q

Origin of pilosebaceous unit?

A

Epidermal downgrowth

58
Q

Pilosebaceous unit composition?

A

hair follicle, arrector pili muscle, sebaceous gland

59
Q

4 types of pilosebaceous unit? locations?

A

TVAS:
terminal (scalp and beard area)
vellus: majority of body
Apopilosebaceous: axilla, groin
sebaceous: face, back, chest

60
Q

Hair follicle comparison between scalp and forehead?

A

scalp: terminal hair follicle, larger follicle, extends to subcutis, smaller sebaceous gland

forehead: vellus hair follicle, smaller follicle size, larger sebaceous gland

61
Q

Causes of androgenetic alopecia?

A

Proportion of hair shifts from terminal to vellus

62
Q

Hair cycle processes and how long each takes for scalp hair? What % of hair in each phase?

how long is the hair cycle for eyebrow?

A

anagen (active growing phase) - 3 years, 90%

catagen (transition to quiescence) -3 weeks, ~1%

telogen (resting) - 3 months, ~10%

4 months

63
Q

Telogen effluvium causes and consequences?

A

Physical, psychological stress, 70% hair follicles enter telogen prematurely

64
Q

Sebaceous gland vs eccrine sweat gland vs apocrine sweat gland - locations, opening, secretions?

glabrous skin vs hair-bearing skin (locations, what it contains)

A

Locations:
sebaceous: only in hair-bearing skin
apocrine: axilla, genitalia, mammary areas
eccrine: most of the body

secretions:
sebaceous: oily,
apocrine: lipid-rich production
eccrine: active sweating during thermoregulation

openings:
sebaceous: open into spaces around hair root
apocrine: open into axillary and other hair follicles
eccrine: open into skin surface

glabrous skin: palms and soles only, have encapsulated sensory organs BUT no hair follicles and sebaceous glands

Hair-bearing skin: most of the body, NO encapsulated sensory organs, have hair follicles and sebaceous glands

65
Q

Embryonic origin of skin?

A

ectoderm: epithelium, nervous system
mesoderm: dermis, skin appendages

66
Q

Skin functions?

A

1) barrier through stratified corneum (cornified cell envelope with glutamyl-lysyl isodipeptide bonds, fatty acids prevents inward and outward passage of water)

2) UV absorption - by stratum corenum, epithelial keratinocytes, melanin (melanin produced by melanocytes, then transferred as melanosomes to keratinocytes (hair production))

3) Thermoregulation (shivering/sweating/circulation alteration)

4) immune response (innate + adaptive) - innate: dermal dendritic cells, macrophages doing phagocytosis, antimicrobial peptides, alarmins

adaptive immunity: antigen-presenting cells trigger Th1, Th2 response

5)Sensation (eg Meissner’s corpuscles/Merkels’s receptors)

6) Vitamin D synthesis

7) homeostasis (regeneration of skin appendages/proliferation etc)

67
Q

Skin stem cell location?

A
  • Bulge area of follicles
    – Basal area of the inter-follicular epidermis
    – Base of sebaceous glands
68
Q

Perspiration types?

How is active sweating controlled (in terms of nervous innervation)?

A

Insensible (passive water evaporation from skin surface)
Active sweating from eccrine sweat glands

Sympathetic innervation, cholinergic, stimulated by pilocarpine and inhibited by atropine

69
Q

Arrange Erysipelas, cellulitis and necrotizing faciitis in terms of how deep the level or redness is?

A

Erysipelas (epidermis/upper dermis) > cellulitis (dermis) > necrotic faciitis (deep fascia)

70
Q

Cell cycle steps?

A

G1 phase, S phase, G2 phase, M phase

71
Q

Sequence of CDKs and cyclins? The complex’s functions?

A

CDK: 4/6, 2, 2, 1

cyclins: DEAB

CDK4/6, cyclin D: move cell from G0 to G1 and prepare it to move from G1 to S

CDK2, cyclin E: prepares cell for DNA replication

CDK2, cyclin A: Activate DNA replication inside nucleus for S-phase

CDK1, cyclin B: Promote mitotic spindle assembly, reorganizes cytoplasm to prep for mitosis

72
Q

Know that:

Retinoblastoma as eye cancer in children
RB inactivating mutations
Inhibitor effect on E2F > phosphorylated to kickstart replication

CDK4/6i in use to treat breast cancer (with hormonal therapy)
CIP/KIP and INK4 proteins remember p16, p21, which p21 is regulated by p53

A
73
Q

Mechanism and function of p53 and p21?

A

DNA damage > p53 protein p53 phosphorylated and activated

p53 binds to regulatory region of p21, activates p21 transcription > p21 translation

p21 inactivates G1/S-CDK-cyclin complex and S-CDK/cyclin complex

Function: leads to cell cycle arrest

If anything serious leads to DNA repair and then apoptosis

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