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Medical School > IAHI Block 2 Bacteria > Flashcards

IAHI Block 2 Bacteria Flashcards

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USMLE® Step 1 flashcards
1
Q

Staphylococcus aureus

A

Gram: Positive
Geometry: Coccus, clusters
Pathology: protein A, beta hemolysins, leukotoxins, enterotoxins, proteases
Culture: catalase positive, coagulase positive, beta hemolysis
Disease: scalded skin syndrome, impetigo, pneumonia
Exposure: normal flora of nares
Treatment: penicillin < methicillin < vancomycinr

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2
Q

Staphylococcus epidermis

A 
Gram: positive
Geometry: coccus, clusters
Pathology: binds to plastics
Culture: catalase positive, coagulase negative
Disease: infection
Exposure: hospital acquired infection
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3
Q

Staphylococcus saprophyticus

A

Gram: positive
Geometry: coccus, clusters
Pathology: binds to urinary tract endothelial cells
Culture: catalase positive, coagulase negative
Disease: UTI
Exposure: typically sex-related UTI

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4
Q

Streptococcus pyogenes

A

Gram: positive
Geometry: coccus, chains
Pathology: M proteins, hyaluronic acid capsule, Spe toxins, streptolysins S & O, streptokinase (plasmin activator)
Culture: catalase negative, beta hemolysis
Disease: rheumatic fever, scarlet fever, necrotizing fasciatis, strep throat
Exposure: droplet transmission
Treatment: penicillin, penicillin +clindamycin for systemic infections

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5
Q

Streptococcus agalactiae

A

Gram: positive
Geometry: coccus, chains
Pathology: group B capsule; mostly asymptotic in adults
Culture: PCR, antigen test
Disease: neonatal disease
Exposure: congenital
Treatment: penicillin, penicillin + aminoglycoside for systemic infections

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6
Q

Streptococcus pneumonia

A

Gram: positive
Geometry: coccus, pairs
Pathology: IgA protease; pneumolysin; teichoic acid, C polysaccharide, F antigen capsule (inflame and migrate)
Culture: catalase negative, alpha hemolysis
Disease: pneumonia, meningitis, otitis media
Exposure:
Treatment: Vaccine; vancomycin and ceftriazone for sever infectionsy

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7
Q

Listeria monocytogenes

A

Gram: positive
Geometry: bacillus, 1 polar flagellum
Pathology: Listeriolysin O, ActA, Internalin
Culture: catalase positive, oxidase negative, beta hemolysis, grow in cold, high salt
Disease: listeriolysis
Exposure: intoxication, soft cheese

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8
Q

Neisseria meningitidis

A 
Gram: negative
Geometry: diplococci
Pathology: LPS, capsule (sialic acid), pili, porins A and B, host transferrin
Culture: oxidase positive
Disease: meningitis, petichiae
Exposure: 
Treatment: vaccine; ceftriaxone
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9
Q

Neisseria gonorrhea

A

Gram: negative
Geometry: diplococci
Pathology: pili for attachment, porB resists granulocytes, opa proteins for binding
Culture: oxidase positive, requires complex medium
Disease: Gonorrhea
Exposure: sexual contact

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10
Q

Chlamydia trachomatis

A

Gram: negative
Geometry: coccobacilli,
Pathology: lipopolysaccharides, no peptidoglycan, two forms (elementary body, reticulate body)
Culture: obligate intracellular,
Disease: chlamydia, trachoma (keratoconjunctivitis)
Exposure: sexual contact; contact with infectious material

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11
Q

Clostridium dificile

A 
Gram: positive 
Geometry: bacillus, spores
Pathology: enterotoxin
Culture: anerobic, PCR 
Disease: gastroenteritis
Exposure: colonic flora, antibiotic treatment; fecal-oral
Treatment: vancomycin, fecal transplant
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12
Q

Salmonella typhi

A

Gram: negative
Geometry: rods, flagellum
Pathology: specious vacuole, pathogenicity islands I and II, macrophage infection
Culture: lactose negative, H2S positive
Disease: typhoid fever, gastroenteritis
Exposure: food, carrier; low infectious dose
Treatment: vaccine; fluids, ciprofloxacin for systemic infections

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13
Q

Salmonella non-typhi

A 
Gram: negative
Geometry: rods, flagellum
Pathology: specious vacuole, pathogenicity islands I and II
Culture: lactose negative, H2S positive
Disease: gastroenteritis
Exposure: food, high infectious dose
Treatment: fluids
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14
Q

Shigella dysenteraie

A

Gram: negative
Geometry: rod
Pathology: type III secretions, shiga toxin (cleaves 28S ribosomal RNA), IpA, actin polymerizers
Culture: lactose negative
Disease: dysentery
Exposure: fecal-oral; low infectious dose
Treatment: ceftriaxone, ampicillin for severe infections

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15
Q

enterohemorrhagic E. coli

A

Gram: negative
Geometry: Rod
Pathology: type III secretions, shiga toxins 1 and 2, Tir
Culture: sorbitol negative
Disease: gastroenteritis
Exposure: food, fecal-oral; low infectious dose

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16
Q

Campylobacter

A 
Gram: negative
Geometry: spiral, polar flagellum
Pathology: LPS
Culture: oxidase positive, microaerophilic, warm incubation
Disease: gastroenteritis
Exposure: chicken
Treatment: Electrolytes
17
Q

Helicobacter

A

Gram: negative
Geometry: spirochete, many polar flagellum
Pathology: Urease, CagA, VacA, Tir
Culture: microaerophilic, gastic biopsy,
Disease: peptic ulcers
Exposure: fecal-oral
Treatment: PPI, a macrolide, and a beta-lactam

18
Q

Vibrio cholerae

A

Gram: negative
Geometry: comma, polar flagellum
Pathology: cholera toxin, Zot, Ace (GM1 binders); toxin coregulated pilus (TCP)
Culture: oxidase positive, requires NaCl
Disease: cholera
Exposure: infected water, high infection dose
Treatment: vaccine; electrolytes, ciprofloxacin,

19
Q

Anaplasma

A

Gram: negative
Geometry: bacillus, TINY
Pathology: replicates in vacuoles, early pathway in neutrophils
Culture: blood smear, PCR
Disease: Anaplasmosis
Exposure: Ixodes scapularis and Ixodes pacificus
Treatment: doxycycline

20
Q

Ehrlichia

A

Gram: negative
Geometry: bacillus, TINY
Pathology: replicates in vacuoles, early pathway in monocytes
Culture: blood smear, PCR
Disease: Erlichiosis
Exposure: A. americanum and Ixodes scapularis
Treatment: doxycycline

21
Q

Rickettsia

A

Gram: negative
Geometry: bacillus
Pathology: replicates in cytoplasm; LPS, peptidoglycan, type IV secretion
Culture: N/A
Disease: Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever
Exposure: Dermacentor variabilis and dermacentor andersoni
Treatment: doxycycline, chloramphenicol if pregnant or mild disease
small rodent disease, humans are incidental host

22
Q

Borrelia Burgdorfieri

A

Gram: negative
Geometry: spirochetes, flagella under outer membrane
Pathology: replicates outside cells in blood
Culture: dark microscopy
Disease: Lyme disease
Exposure: Ixodes scapularis and Ixodes pacificus
Treatment: doxycycline, ceftriaxone if CNS involvement

23
Q

Treponema pallidium

A

Gram: negative
Geometry: spiral,
Pathology: Primary:chancre; secondary: condyloma latum; teritary: gumma, neurosyphilus
Culture: anti-cardiolipin (quick, non-specific) and fluorescent antibody test (specific); dark field microscopy of lesion
Disease: syphilus
Exposure: sexual contact with chancre, contact with condyloma latum, congenital
Treatment: long acting penicillin

24
Q

Mycoplasma

A 
Gram: No cell wall
Geometry: 
Pathology:
Culture:
Disease:
Exposure:
25
Q

Mycobacterium leprae

A

Gram: Lipid rich cell wall
Geometry: rods
Pathology: tuberculoidal form attacks nerves, lepromatous forms large plaques
Culture: can only be cultured in nude mice or armidillos
Disease: lepramatous leprosy, tuberculoidal leprosy
Exposure: armidillos, inhalation
Treatment:

26
Q

Mycobacterium tuberculosis

A

Gram: Lipid rich cell wall, mycolic acids
Geometry: rods
Pathology: fluid in lungs, malaise
Culture: acid fast staining; PPD skin test; cord factor granulomas (potato chips) growth
Disease: Tuberculosis
Exposure: close contact, inhalation
Treatment: isoniazid, rifampicin, ethambutol, pyrazinamide for 2 months, and 4 more months of isoniazid, rifampicin

27
Q

legionella

A

Gram: negative
Geometry: rod, 1 polar flagella
Pathology: infects macrophages, IV secretion system, endotoxins lipases
Culture: grows slowly and only on buffered charcoal yeast media; fluorsecent antibody microscopy; oxidase positive, catalase negative; requires L cysteine, ferric iron
Disease: legionaire’s disase, Pontaic fever
Exposure: infected water; immunocompromised
Treatment: water chlorination, super heating; antibiotics for legionaire’s

28
Q

Bordetella pertussis

A 
Gram: negative 
Geometry: bacillicocci 
Pathology: catarrhal: mild URI; paroxysmal: whooping cough; convalescence: coughing persists
Culture: strict aerobe, 
Disease: whooping cough 
Exposure: aerosol droplets
Treatment: vaccine
29
Q

Pseudomonas

A

Gram: negative
Geometry: bacillus, polar flagellum
Pathology: alginate coat (biofilm); endotoxin, exotoxin, pyo-substances (oxidative release), elastase and alkaline phosphatase
Culture: bright green colonies, beta hemolytic; glucose, xylose, fructose, and galactose postive
Disease: infection
Exposure: biofilm forms on plastics, exposure to wound
Treatment: widely resistant, combinations

30
Q

Haemophilus influenzae

A

Gram: negative
Geometry: coccobacillary
Pathology: ribose and ribitol polysaccharide capsule
Culture: catalase positive, oxidase postive
Disease: influenzae associated meningitis
Exposure: Nasopharynx
Treatment: Hib vaccine

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