I. Precursors to the concept of resilience

Question 1

Defined as the practice of maintaining world processes of productivity indefinitely, natural or human-made, by replacing resources used with resources of equal or greater value without degrading or endangering natural biotic systems

Answer 1

Sustainability

Question 2

Ties together concern for the carrying capacity of natural systems with the social, political, and economic challenges faced by humanity

Answer 2

Sustainable development

Question 3

Developing the present without undermining the future

Answer 3

Sustainable development

Question 4

Study of the concepts of sustainable development and environmental science

Answer 4

Sustainability science

Question 5

Core themes in sustainability science

Answer 5

Adaptiveness, vulnerability, and resilience in complex socio-ecological systems

Question 6

There have long been calls for deeper understanding of how the environmental impacts of production, on the one hand, and consumption, on the other, can be lowered.

Answer 6

Sustainability in complex production-consumption systems

Question 7

The systems of rules, procedures, and expectations that guide social interactions.

Answer 7

Institutions for sustainable development

Question 8

The intellectual history of social capital can be traced back to

Answer 8

Karl Marx, Emile Durkheim, George Simmel, John Dewey, and Max Weber

Question 9

Influenced by classical economists like Adam Smith and John Stuart Mill

Answer 9

Social capital

Question 10

Main theoretical driver of social capital

Answer 10

Link socio-cultural factors to development outcomes

Question 11

Rooted in trusts, norms, and informal networks; believes social relations are valuable development resources

Answer 11

The theory of social capital

Question 12

A multidimensional phenomenon encompassing a stock of social norms, values, beliefs, trusts, obligations, relationships, networks, friends, memberships, civic engagement, information flows, and institutions that foster cooperation and collective actions for mutual benefits and contributes to economic and social development

Answer 12

Social capital

Question 13

Distinguishes between three forms of capital: Economic, cultural, and social

Answer 13

Pierre Bourdieu

Question 14

Three forms of capital according to Bourdieu

Answer 14

Economic, cultural, and social

Question 15

[Person] Sum of the actual or potential resources that are linked to the possession of a durable network of more or less institutionalized relationships of mutual acquaintance and recognition; membership in a group

Answer 15

Pierre Bourdieu

Question 16

[Person] The capital is maintained and reinforced as long as members continue to invest in the relationships.

Answer 16

Pierre Bourdieu

Question 17

[Person] Puts emphasis on class conflicts: it is a personal asset in the competition among individuals aiming to improve their own positions as compared to others.

Answer 17

Pierre Bourdieu

Question 18

[Person] Identifies three elements of social capital:

1. The social relationship that enables actors to gain access to resources possessed by their associates (it is resources embedded in social connections)
2. The amount of those resources produced by the totality of the relationships between actors, rather than merely a common quality of the group
3. The quality of those resources

Answer 18

Pierre Bourdieu

Question 19

What are the three elements of social capital according to Bourdieu?

Answer 19

1. The social relationship that enables actors to gain access to resources possessed by their associates (it is resources embedded in social connections)
2. The amount of those resources produced by the totality of the relationships between actors, rather than merely a common quality of the group
3. The quality of those resources

Question 20

Defines social capital by its function

Answer 20

James Coleman

Question 21

[Person] It is not a single entity, but a combination of different entities having two characteristics in common: it is an aspect of a social structure, and it facilitates certain actions of individuals who are within that structure.

Answer 21

James Coleman

Question 22

Identifies three forms of social capital:

1. Reciprocity (including trust)
2. Information channels and flow of information
3. Norms enforced by sanction

Answer 22

James Coleman

Question 23

What are three forms of social capital according to James Coleman?

Answer 23

1. Reciprocity (including trust)
2. Information channels and flow of information
3. Norms enforced by sanction

Question 24

Social capital is inherently social, most forms of capital developed through combined actions of group members.

Answer 24

James Coleman

Question 25

Social capital is a public good as it exists in the relations among people.

Answer 25

James Coleman

Question 26

Like Bourdieu, he believes that social networks are seen as the means by which collective capital can be maintained and reinforced.

Answer 26

James Coleman

Question 27

Features of social organization, such as trust, norms, and networks that can improve the efficiency of society by facilitating coordinated actions

Answer 27

Robert Putnam

Question 28

Connections among individuals, social networks and the norms of reciprocity and trustworthiness that arise from them; social networks have value and social contacts affect the productivity of individuals and groups

Answer 28

Robert Putnam

Question 29

Social capital is closely related to ‘civic virtue’

Answer 29

Robert Putnam

Question 30

Networks of civic engagement facilitate societal cooperation, coordination, and communication; strengthen reputations; and, thus, allow dilemmas of collective actions to be resolved.

Answer 30

Robert Putnam

Question 31

Social capital affects the productivity of actors (individuals and groups) and it possesses the characteristics of public good. Because of its collective nature, it cannot be transformed into a private good.

Answer 31

Robert Putnam

Question 32

Stocks of capital (trust, norms, and networks) accumulate in use and diminish if they are not used.

Answer 32

Robert Putnam

Question 33

Defines social capital in terms of trust: the ability of the people to work together for common purposes in groups and organizations

Answer 33

Francis Fukuyama

Question 34

Social capital: the existence of a certain set of informal values or norms shared among members of a group that permit cooperation among them

Answer 34

Francis Fukuyama

Question 35

His significant contribution to the theory of social capital – a straightforward means to measure social capital: the proportion of people who think that ‘most people can be trusted’

Answer 35

Francis Fukuyama

Question 36

Social capital: Investment in social relations with expected returns in the marketplace

Answer 36

Lin

Question 37

Social capital: Resources embedded in social networks accessed and used by actors for actions

Answer 37

Lin

Question 38

A person’s or group’s sympathy toward another person or group that may produce a potential benefit, advantage, and preferential treatment for another person or group of persons beyond that expected in an exchange relationships

Answer 38

Robison et al.

Question 39

Networks together with shared norms, values, and understandings that facilitate cooperation within or among groups

Answer 39

The OECD

Question 40

The institutions, relationships, and norms that shape the quality and quantity of a society’s social interactions.

Answer 40

The World Bank

Question 41

Social capital is not just the sum of the institutions which underpin a society, it is the glue that holds them together.

Answer 41

The World Bank

Question 42

Social capital for individuals and groups can have other, less desirable consequences.

These could manifest in:

• Exclusion of outsiders
• Excessive claims on group members
• Restrictions on individual freedoms
• Downward-leveling norms
• Network closure around negative norms, such as norms of aggression or violence

Answer 42

Negative Social Capital (Portes, 1998)

Question 43

The group relations and identity that impose norms of behavior on group members; these norms may be negative ones, such as when they favor aggression or violence (e.g. the Mafia and youth street gangs)

Answer 43

Bounded solidarity

Question 44

The resources of social capital applied to negative ends, is different from social weaknesses that occur in the absence of social capital.

Answer 44

Negative social capital

Question 45

The role that culture may play as a resource for resilience in both the individual and whole communities or entire cultural systems

Answer 45

Cultural resilience

Question 46

The capacity of a distinct community or cultural system to absorb disturbance and reorganize while undergoing change so as to retain key elements of structure and identity that preserve its distinctness (Healy, 2006)

Answer 46

Community/cultural resilience