I. Precursors to the concept of resilience Flashcards
Defined as the practice of maintaining world processes of productivity indefinitely, natural or human-made, by replacing resources used with resources of equal or greater value without degrading or endangering natural biotic systems
Sustainability
Ties together concern for the carrying capacity of natural systems with the social, political, and economic challenges faced by humanity
Sustainable development
Developing the present without undermining the future
Sustainable development
Study of the concepts of sustainable development and environmental science
Sustainability science
Core themes in sustainability science
Adaptiveness, vulnerability, and resilience in complex socio-ecological systems
There have long been calls for deeper understanding of how the environmental impacts of production, on the one hand, and consumption, on the other, can be lowered.
Sustainability in complex production-consumption systems
The systems of rules, procedures, and expectations that guide social interactions.
Institutions for sustainable development
The intellectual history of social capital can be traced back to
Karl Marx, Emile Durkheim, George Simmel, John Dewey, and Max Weber
Influenced by classical economists like Adam Smith and John Stuart Mill
Social capital
Main theoretical driver of social capital
Link socio-cultural factors to development outcomes
Rooted in trusts, norms, and informal networks; believes social relations are valuable development resources
The theory of social capital
A multidimensional phenomenon encompassing a stock of social norms, values, beliefs, trusts, obligations, relationships, networks, friends, memberships, civic engagement, information flows, and institutions that foster cooperation and collective actions for mutual benefits and contributes to economic and social development
Social capital
Distinguishes between three forms of capital: Economic, cultural, and social
Pierre Bourdieu
Three forms of capital according to Bourdieu
Economic, cultural, and social
[Person] Sum of the actual or potential resources that are linked to the possession of a durable network of more or less institutionalized relationships of mutual acquaintance and recognition; membership in a group
Pierre Bourdieu
[Person] The capital is maintained and reinforced as long as members continue to invest in the relationships.
Pierre Bourdieu
[Person] Puts emphasis on class conflicts: it is a personal asset in the competition among individuals aiming to improve their own positions as compared to others.
Pierre Bourdieu
[Person] Identifies three elements of social capital:
- The social relationship that enables actors to gain access to resources possessed by their associates (it is resources embedded in social connections)
- The amount of those resources produced by the totality of the relationships between actors, rather than merely a common quality of the group
- The quality of those resources
Pierre Bourdieu
What are the three elements of social capital according to Bourdieu?
- The social relationship that enables actors to gain access to resources possessed by their associates (it is resources embedded in social connections)
- The amount of those resources produced by the totality of the relationships between actors, rather than merely a common quality of the group
- The quality of those resources
Defines social capital by its function
James Coleman
[Person] It is not a single entity, but a combination of different entities having two characteristics in common: it is an aspect of a social structure, and it facilitates certain actions of individuals who are within that structure.
James Coleman
Identifies three forms of social capital:
- Reciprocity (including trust)
- Information channels and flow of information
- Norms enforced by sanction
James Coleman
What are three forms of social capital according to James Coleman?
- Reciprocity (including trust)
- Information channels and flow of information
- Norms enforced by sanction
Social capital is inherently social, most forms of capital developed through combined actions of group members.
James Coleman
Social capital is a public good as it exists in the relations among people.
James Coleman
Like Bourdieu, he believes that social networks are seen as the means by which collective capital can be maintained and reinforced.
James Coleman
Features of social organization, such as trust, norms, and networks that can improve the efficiency of society by facilitating coordinated actions
Robert Putnam
Connections among individuals, social networks and the norms of reciprocity and trustworthiness that arise from them; social networks have value and social contacts affect the productivity of individuals and groups
Robert Putnam
Social capital is closely related to ‘civic virtue’
Robert Putnam
Networks of civic engagement facilitate societal cooperation, coordination, and communication; strengthen reputations; and, thus, allow dilemmas of collective actions to be resolved.
Robert Putnam
Social capital affects the productivity of actors (individuals and groups) and it possesses the characteristics of public good. Because of its collective nature, it cannot be transformed into a private good.
Robert Putnam
Stocks of capital (trust, norms, and networks) accumulate in use and diminish if they are not used.
Robert Putnam
Defines social capital in terms of trust: the ability of the people to work together for common purposes in groups and organizations
Francis Fukuyama
Social capital: the existence of a certain set of informal values or norms shared among members of a group that permit cooperation among them
Francis Fukuyama
His significant contribution to the theory of social capital – a straightforward means to measure social capital: the proportion of people who think that ‘most people can be trusted’
Francis Fukuyama
Social capital: Investment in social relations with expected returns in the marketplace
Lin
Social capital: Resources embedded in social networks accessed and used by actors for actions
Lin
A person’s or group’s sympathy toward another person or group that may produce a potential benefit, advantage, and preferential treatment for another person or group of persons beyond that expected in an exchange relationships
Robison et al.
Networks together with shared norms, values, and understandings that facilitate cooperation within or among groups
The OECD
The institutions, relationships, and norms that shape the quality and quantity of a society’s social interactions.
The World Bank
Social capital is not just the sum of the institutions which underpin a society, it is the glue that holds them together.
The World Bank
Social capital for individuals and groups can have other, less desirable consequences.
These could manifest in:
- Exclusion of outsiders
- Excessive claims on group members
- Restrictions on individual freedoms
- Downward-leveling norms
- Network closure around negative norms, such as norms of aggression or violence
Negative Social Capital (Portes, 1998)
The group relations and identity that impose norms of behavior on group members; these norms may be negative ones, such as when they favor aggression or violence (e.g. the Mafia and youth street gangs)
Bounded solidarity
The resources of social capital applied to negative ends, is different from social weaknesses that occur in the absence of social capital.
Negative social capital
The role that culture may play as a resource for resilience in both the individual and whole communities or entire cultural systems
Cultural resilience
The capacity of a distinct community or cultural system to absorb disturbance and reorganize while undergoing change so as to retain key elements of structure and identity that preserve its distinctness (Healy, 2006)
Community/cultural resilience
