I & P Term 2 Flashcards
What is McGills pain questionaire?
Allows patients to give their doctor a description of the quality and intensity of their pain. It is really long and includes things like sleep and food intake
Who is the faces pain scale useful for?
Children and the cognitively impaired
What is Descarted model of pain (the lay view)?
Descartes believed that there was a ‘string’ that attatched the peripheral to the brain which allows the detection of pain. He thought there was only one signalling pathway
Who wrote the gate control theory?
Melzack and Wall
For the gate control theory, is pain reduced when the gate is open or closed?
Closed
Strange, I know
What type of proccessing is driven by knowledge, experience and expectations?
Top Down processing
What are ‘C fibres’ and ‘Alpha Beta fibres’ within the gate control theory?
‘C fibres’ within the skin, which are thin and responded to pain, and responded quickly.
There were also ‘alpha beta’ fibres that are thicker and they register touch and vibration. It is these ‘alpha beta’ fibres that, when closed, reduce the C fibres rate, so less pain is felt.
Who devised the ‘virtual walking’ way to treat pain?
Moseley 2007
What is virtual walking?
Patients who experienced phantom limb screen sit infront of a screen and watch a video of themselves, but with the phantom limb. This had good results and reduced pain
What is the general adaption syndrome by Seyle?
This describes the bodies long and short term reaction to stress (e.g. being hit by a car or losing a loved one)
He found out that is the stress was severe or prolonged, it led to disease (physiologically)
What is tertiary prevention of PTSD?
measures to prevent the PTSD worsening, after it has been diagnosed
What did Holmes and Rache (1967) devise, what is it name and how does it work?
Social readjustment scale
They had a list of 43 stressful life events that can contribute to stress with a number /100 next to them. You fill it out and add up your scores and depending on your score it says whether you are at a high or low risk of illness.
Who wrote the hassles and uplifts scale?
Lazarus & Folkman 1981
It assesses day to day stress
What did Protherae at all (1999) find?
saw if people who were diagnosed with breast cancer had undergone previous stressful events. They found out there was no correlation
What did Cooper and Faragher find?
they found that malignancy can be due to a single life event.
What are the 3 main characteristics of a person with type A personality?
Competitiveness
Time urgency
Hostility
What did they find out when they examined people with Type A personalities and their risk of heart attacks?
Having a type A personality makes you more likely to get coronary arthersceloris (but only if you are below 45) BUT if you do have a heart attack, you are more likely to live longer afterwards (as you can change your lifestyle)
What is ‘the looking glass self; theory?
a social psychological theory that states that a person’s self grows out of societies interpersonal reactions with the person and the perception others have of that individual
Who wrote the social conception theory and what is it?
Festinger
This theory centres on the belief that there is a drive within individuals to gain accurate self- evaluations
What are downward comparisons?
Where people form negative views about others, to make themselves feel better about themselves.
What did Weinstein do and what did he discover?
conducted a study that asked students the likelihood of a future event, and then compared it to the average outcome of this event.
It discovered that people has unrealistic future optimism
What is impression formation?
refers to the process by which individual pieces of information about another person are integrated to form a global impression of the individual
What are 3 main things that people use in their impression of others?
Physical appearance
First and last impressions
Personality traits
What 4 things determine your interpersonal attraction between you and another?
Physcial attractivness- the halo effect. This is when the tendency of an umoression in one area has an infleunece on your impression in another area
Proximity
Familiarity- the more you see them, the more you like them
Similarity
What is the Milgram experiment?
a series of psychology experiments that measured the willingness of study participants to obey an authority figure.
The experiment where people had to administer electric shocks to people behind a screen.
What is the manufactures human relations consultants encounter?
Participants thought they were in a market research discussion meeting. They were under the strong influence of an authoritarian figure0 at the end only 4 of the 33 groups signed the contract.
Why was the outcome of the MHRC encounter different to the Milgram experiment?
Individuals vs group
What are the 3 laws of ‘the law of social impact’ by Latane?
- Number in the group
- Strength of the impact / Legitimacy
- Immediacy- whether there would be an immediate impact or not
What are the 3 social factors that changes how people respond in emergencies?
- Social definition- if others are not responding, others do not think it is an emergency
- More people= diffusion of responsibility
- Audience inhibition- people are self conscious in front of others so don’t want to respond. There is also a fear of social blunder, is this a joke, will they embarrass themselves?
What 3 non-social factors affect how people respond to emergencies?
- Ambiguity- you are unsure whether the person needs help, the more ambiguous it is (the more unsure you are) the longer reaction time is
- Personality
- Personal threat/cost of intervention.
What 3 things does the presence of others affect?
- Productivity
- Types of descision made
- Attitudes and behaviours
What is social loafing?
when people work less hard in groups
What is risky shift?
a concept that occurs in psychology when a group collectively agrees on a course of action that is more extreme than the course of action they would of made if asked individually.
What is group polarisation?
this refers to the tendency for groups to make decisions that are more extreme than the initial inclination of its members.
What is the Asch experiment?
a series of laboratory experiments that demonstrated to a degree to which an individual own opinions were influenced by those of a majority group
Remember the video of the smoke in the room, where everyone else was an actor and they didn’t do anything so the participant also didn’t do anything.
What is impairment?
a physcial or mental deficit
What is disability?
A functional limitation
What is victimisation?
means to punish or treat a person less favourable because that person has asserted his/her rights
What is discrimination?
to treat one particular group of people less favourably than others
What is disablement?
the act of becoming disabled to the extent that full wages cannot be earned
What is HRQoL?
Health related quality of life
What 3 things are health related quality of life questionnaires used to assess?
Evaluate the effectiveness of treatments
Manage a patients care
Address variations in the delivery of care within and across countries
What is the expected utility theory?
An account of how to choose rationally when you are not sure which outcome will result from your acts.
This provides a framework to help understand how decisions under risk/uncertainty should be made. It is based on logical assumptions about how people calculate which option is ‘best’ based on their utility (the state of being beneficial) towards the option and the likelihood of it happening.
Does strategy 1 or 2 used to make decisions lead to concious and effort full decisions?
2
What did Graber (2002) state?
Doctors errors in treatment can be personal fault, system or cognitive errors
What did Croskerry (2009) provide>
a model of diagnostic reasoning that takes into account the integration of experts ‘pattern recognition’ learning within a dual process decision making model.
What is the self regulation theory?
a (common sense) model of illness linking symptom perception, coping and appraisal with illness behaviour (Leventhal et al 1984)
What are the 5 beliefs linked by the self regulation theory?
- Identity
- Cause
- Timeline
- Consequence
- Control/cure
What is a behavioural pathogen and a behavioural immunogen?
Behavioural pathogens: A pattern of behaviour that increase the risk of getting disease
Behavioural immunogens: A pattern of behaviour that decreases the risk of getting disease
These are usually learnt and habitual behaviours that are developed in childhood and are resistant to change
What is the theory of planned behaviour?
e.g. Ajzen and Madden 1986
• Psychological theories help identify the reasons why people do or don’t carry out health behaviours
