I & P Term 1 -- first 1/2 Flashcards
Attachment theory by….
John Bowlby
What is the attachment theory?
States that early life experiences strongly influences later adult functioning and vulnerability to psychopathy
Stages of attachment…
0-2 months?
Pre-attachment
How old is a child when ‘attachment in the making’ occurs?
2-7 months
What form of attachment occurs between 7-24 months?
Clear-cut attachment
When is goal corrected partnership?
24 month plus
How old is a child when ‘stranger anxiety’ occurs?
10 months
How old is a child when they experience separation distress?
12 months
Harlow & Harlow…
studied maternal separation and dependency needs by socially isolating baby monkeys
The strange situation….
By Ainsworth
What are the different types of attachment as stated by Ainsworth?
How old were the children he examined?
- Secure
- Insecure (avoidant)
- Insecure (resistant)
- Disorganised
-12 months- normally when seperation distress kicks in
What is insecure (avoidant) attachment?
Is okay when left with stange AND avoids contact with mum on reunion
What is insecure (resistant) attachment?
Very upset when mum leaves, and when mum returns the child is difficult to calm and resists mum
When was the Minnesota Longitudinal study and what did it examine….?
1975 It examined 250 children whose mothers were at moderate risk of psychological problems. It found that after 5 years, insecurely attatched children (be it avoidant or resistant) were: - more relaible on teachers -More socially isolated -More passive and easily frustrated
What is gender?
It is chosen, so masculine or feminine
What is the ‘social learning theory’ in sex and gender that leads to gender identity?
That children accept their gender as parents continually correct the childs behaviour in accordance to societal gender roles
What is the ‘cognitive development theory’ in sex and gender that leads to gender identity?
When the child has adopted a male/female gender identity, they will display according behaviour
How old is a child when they acquire ‘gender identity’ and what is this?
Its when they can say who is a boy and who is a girl
Occurs at 2-3 years
How old is a child when they obtain ‘gender stability’?
4 years
What is ‘gender constancy’ and how old is a child when they acquire gender constancy?
’ Boys don’t change into girls by wearing a dress’- gender is constant
4-5 years
Male and females have the same cognitive abilities, but men have better…..(what 3 abilities?)
- Verbal
-Spatial
-Maths
……abilies
What is the ‘gender similarities’ hypothesis?
= males and females are similar on most, but not all, psychological variables.
The only difference is in throwing, sexuality and physcial aggression.
Cognitive development….
What is:
-Schemas?
Theories on how the physical and social world operate
Cognitive development….
What is:
-Assimilation?
Understanding a new object, it is how humans perceive and adapt to new information
Cognitive development….
What is:
-Accommodation?
Modifying a pre-existing schema (theory)
Cognitive development….
What is:
-Operation?
Metal consideration of information in a logical manner
Cognitive development….
What is:
-Conservation?
Understanding that amount is unrelated to apperance
Who developed the 4 stages of child development?
Jean Piaget
What are the 4 different stages of child development?
- Sensoirmotor
- Pre-operational
- Concrete operational
- Formal operational
What is ‘sensorimotor’ in child developement and how old is the child when it occurs?
Birth-2 years
When infants construct knowlege and understanding of the world around them by coordinating experiences with physical interactions
What stage of child development in Jean Piaget stages occurs between 2-7 years and what occurs?
Pre-operational
When children cannot mentially manipulate information, but have some understanding- although it can only be considered from one view point
What is ‘concrete operational’ child development in Jean Piagets stages?
When children can use logic, can draw from personal experiences and can consider problems in reverse
What is ‘formal operational’ child behaviour?
Who wrote it as one of four stages?
how old is a child when they undergo this behaviour?
- The ability to reason in symbolic terms and can plan ahead
- 11 years +
- Jean Piaget
What is The Wechsler adult intellegence test?
What 4 types of cognition does it pick up on?
A test that is divided into 14 collections to examine 2 forms of IQ: Verbal and performance
- Verbal comprehension
- Performance organisation
- Working memory
- Processing speed
What is Phrenology?
Detailed study and shape of the cranium
What does the left hemisphere control?
- Complex language and logical functions
- Mathematics
What does the right hemisphere control?
- Simple language functions
- Spatial/pattern abilities
- Emotional regulation
What is commissurotomy?
A surgical incision to cut the corpus callosum.
This leads to split brain, where each side of the brain acts individually with different functions
What is phonology?
Sound systems- combination word rules for meaningful speech
What is sematics?
Expressing the meaning of words and sentences
The smallest meaning of words that carry a meaning
What is Syntax?
The form or structure of a words and sentences
What is pragmatics?
Rules about language in social content
What does the pre-linguistic period consist of?
Consists of crying, cooing and babbling. Babies also learn turn-taking and intoniation (pitch said of words)
What stage of language is between 12-18 months?
‘Appreciation of meaning’ of words
How old is a child when they undergo ‘telegraphic speech’ and what is it?
- 18-24 months
- 2 word utterances to covey meaning e.g. more outside
How old is a child when they begin to have an interest in rhymes/songs, commentries etc
3-5 years
What stage of developing language occurs in a child 2+ years?
Beginning of adult speech?
What is propositional speech?
Verbal language
What is imaginable though?
Visual imagery of thought
What is Skinners theory?
That language is learnt
This is done via social input from adults
How thought that ‘children are born with language’? and are prewired to understand grammer?
Chomsky
List 4 things that proove that language is a biologically programmed behaviour?
- Spontaneity
- Lennenbergs critical period hypothesis- he though that acquiring language is linked to age
- Comparisons with animal language
- Deafness
What 2 brain areas are involved in language?
- The Brocas area
- Wernickes area
In addition to the Brocas area and Wernickes area, what 2 parts of the brain are involved in a heard word?
- Primary auditory area
- Motor area
In addition to the Brocas area and Wernickes area, what 3 parts of the brain are involved in a read word?
- Primary visual area
- Angular gyrus
- Motor area
What is expressive asphasia?
The loss of ability to produce language
What type of asphasia is it when you are unable to understand language?
Receptive asphasia
What is the United Nations Convention on the rights of the child (1992)?
A list of 40 specific rights children have
What are the 3 types of parenting?
- Authoritarian
- Authoritative
- Permissive
What is permissive parenting?
When the parents has relaxed ideas about discipline and behaviour?
What type of parenting is it when the parent has strict ideas about discipline and behaviour that are not open to discussion?
They are demanding and unresponsive
Authoritarian
How old are children when they start to show interest in peers?
12-18 months
How old are children when they play on their own but next to eachother?
2-4 years
What type of play do children have between 5-6 years?
Group play but in single sex groups
How old are children when they develop cliques who tend to be mixed sex?
12+ years
What are the 4 types of Sociometric status?
- Popular
- Controversial
- Neglected
- Rejected
What type of sociometric status is it when children are the high ‘liked’ and also have high ‘disliked’?
Controversial!!!
