I&P Flashcards
What theory includes positive and negative internal working model?
Attachment theroy
What does secure attachment involve?
Positive internal working model
Emotional regulation ability
What are the consequences of not having early secure attachment?
Adult relationships effected, psychological health affected
Who discovered the ‘pre attachment’ stage?
Harlow and Harlow
At what age does the ‘pre attachment’ stage of attached development occur?
0-2 months
At what age does the ‘attachment-in-the-making’ stage of attached development occur?
2-7 months
At what age does the ‘clear cut attachment’ stage of attached development occur?
7-24 months
At what age does the ‘goal corrected partnership’ stage of attached development occur?
24+ months
At what age does ‘ stranger anxiety’ occur?
10 months
At what age does ‘ separation distress’ occur?
12 months
Who developed the ‘Strange Situation’?
Ainsworth
What is the ‘Strange Situation’?
interaction between infant, mother and stranger
What are the types of attachment in the ‘Strange Situation’?
Secure
Insecure (avoidant)
Insecure (resistance)
Disorganised
What is the Minnesota Longitudinal study?
A study involving 250 children of moderate risk to poverty. They were more reliant on teachers, more socially isolated and often rated as passive and easily fustrated
What is the ‘Disorder of sexual development’?
the reproductive or sexual anatomy is not standard female and male
What is the ‘social learning theory’?
rewarding for masculine behaviour and punishing for feminine behaviour
At what age is ‘gender identity’ acquired?
2-3 years old
At what age is ‘gender stability’ acquired?
4 years old
At what age is ‘gender consistency’ acquired?
4-5 years
Who formed the ‘Gender similarities hypothesis’?
Hyde
What is ‘Phonology’ in language development?
the ‘sound system’
What is ‘Semantics’ in language development?
expressed meaning of words and sentences
What is ‘Syntax’ in language development?
the form or structure of a language
What is ‘Pragmatics’ in language development?
rules about language in social contexts
At what age is the ‘pre-linguistic’ period in language development?
0-12 months
What does the ‘pre-linguistic’ period in language include and at what age?
Crying (first 3-4 weeks)}
Cooing (3-5 weeks onward)
Babbling (3-4 months)
At what age do children associate objects with its name?
8-12 months
At what age to children give objects their true symbolic representation?
18 months
At what age does ‘Telegraphic speech’ occur?
18-24 months
What is ‘Telegraphic speech’?
eg. more car, more walk, no bed, no home
At what age to children add complexity to their language?
2+ years
At what age does narrative speech occur?
3-5 years
Which two people developed language acquisition?
Skinner and Chomsky
What is language acquisition? (according to Skinner)
Language is learned via imitation and progressive reinforcement
What is language acquisition? (according to Chomsky)
Universal grammar is innate
Who developed the ‘Critical period hypothesis’?
Lenneberg
Which hypothesis consists of children before the age of 12 being bilingual with no accent recover their language skills after a head injury?
Critical period hypothesis
Which areas of the brain are used to ‘speak a heard word’?
Broca’s area, Wernick’s area, motor area and primary auditory area
Broca’s area, Wernick’s area, motor area and primary visual area and Angular gyrus are used to do what?
‘Speak a written word’
Name the types of aphasia?
Expressive and Receptive
What is ‘expressive aphasia’?
Damage to Broca’s areas. Speech is hesitant but comprehension unimpaired.
What is ‘receptive’ aphasia’?
Damage to Wernicks’s areas. Fluent, non sense speech but comprehension impaired.
Who developed the ‘styles of parenting’?
Baumrind
Name the 3 different styles of parenting.
Authoritarian, Authoritative and Permissive
What is ‘Authoritarian’ style of parenting?
Strict ideas on discipline and behaviour. Not to be discussed.
What is ‘Authoritative’ style of parenting?
ideas about discipline and behaviour discussed with kids
What is ‘Permissive’ style of parenting?
relaxed ideas
What is the best parenting style?
Authoritative
Who decided that ‘Authoritative’ was the best method of parenting?
Steinburg
At what age do children touch their mum’s but look to their peers more?
12-18 months
At what age do children try to gain peer attention and imitate peers?
2 years
At what age does the peer relationship does solitary, parallel group in proportion happen?
2-4 years
At what age does the peer relationship does more clique and gangs (mixed sex crowds) happen?
12+ years
At what age does the peer relationship does more group play, larger groups become sex segregated happen?
5-6 years
What is ‘bottom up processing’?
Sensory driven, organising incoming information
What is ‘top up processing?’
Driven by knowledge, experience or expectations. Determining perception in an ambiguous setting.
What are the two methods of visual perception?
Depth perception and gestalt/whole perception
What is depth perception?
Binocular disparity. Monocular clues (reflect on learning)
What is Gestalt/whole perception?
organisational tendencies - seeking meaningful groupings
What is ‘sensory limitations’?
Awareness failure or protective filtering?
What is the theory for ‘sensory limitation’ and who founded it?
The doors of perception - Huxley
What is ‘The doors of perception’ theory?
Brain and nervous system protects us from being overwhelmed and confused by large amounts of useless information
What kind of model is ‘the assumptive world’ model?
internalised cognitive model
What is ‘the assumptive world’ model?
Blind from birth, vision as an adult
Who developed ‘the context of madness’?
Rosenhan
What is ‘the context of madness’?
Being sane in insane places. 8 patients heard voices whilst in hospital therefore were diagnosed with schizophrenia. After discharged, schizo was in remission
What is ‘consciousness’?
Being aware of your self and your surrounding operating on a continium
Who developed ‘the hard problem’?
Chalmers
What is ‘the hard problem’?
Explains how physical processes in the brain are subjective. Subjective v objective
What are the ‘dominant/popular functional views’?
Monitoring, Controlling, consciousness and unconsciousness processing.
What is ‘monitoring’ in the ‘dominant/popular functional views’?
You experience what you attend to. Inattentional blindness
What is ‘controlling’ in the ‘dominant/popular functional views’?
plan, initiate and guide actions. Future possibilities choosing between alternatives
What is ‘monitoring’ in the ‘consciousness and unconsciousness processing’?
actions can be always unconscious, normally conscious or vice versa or both unconscious/conscious
What is subliminal perception?
used in advertisements. Message is discreetly placed and repeated eg. flashing images, below audible volumn
Who developed the ‘ironic process theory’?
Wegner
What is the ‘ironic process theory’?
deliberate attempts to suppress certain thoughts make them more likely to surface
What is ‘ironic monitoring process’?
signals the failure of mental control
what can help the failure of mental control?
Psychoactive drugs, meditation and hypnosis (Kilstrom)
How many stages of sleep are there?
4 AND REM (so 5)
What does REM stand for?
Rapid eye movement
What is core sleep?
The first 5 hours. Mostly deep (stages 3 and 4). Half of it is REM sleep
What is optional sleep?
The 2 hours after the core sleep. Mostly stage 1 and 2
What is the ‘Bunker study’?
Proves that the normal cardiac rhythm is 25 hours and not 24. Participants were made to live in a bunker with no daylight and this was the cycle they naturally shifted to
In what stage are dreams most likey?
REM - twice as likely and 6 times longer
What is ‘insomnia’?
difficulty getting to sleep or staying asleep for long enough to feel refreshed the next morning, even though you’ve had enough opportunity to sleep
What are the causes of insomnia?
Normally secondry to another problem eg. psychological problems, medical disorders, drugs, alcohol
What is the treatment for insomnia?
Hypnotic drugs, sleep education, dealing with tension/intrusive thoughts
What is narolepsy?
‘sleep attacks’. Overwhelming sleepiness causing paralysis and hallucinations. Most prone when excited
Who conducted the study on sleep deprivation?
Randy Gardner
What did Gardner’s study on sleep deprivation show?
11 days without sleep causes difficulty in focusing, irritability, memory lapses, blurred vision. We have a reserve capacity for 7 nights sleep loss. Cortical function is affected. 1/3 of lost sleep is recovered via stage 4/REM sleep
What are the 3 stages of memory?
Encoding, Storage and Retrieval
What is the model associated with the three stages of memory?
multi store memory model
In what ways can memory be encoded?
Iconic memory (visual) or echoic memory (phonological)
What is ‘chunking’ in terms of memory?
recording new material into larger, more meaningful units
Ways in which long term memory is formatted?
Episodic: autobiographical
Semantic: knowledge about the world
Procedural: skills based
What is ‘hyperthymesia’?
possessing an extremely detailed autobiographical memory
What is ‘associative learning’?
The relationship between two events
What is ‘Pavlovian/classical conditioning’?
a learning process that occurs when two stimuli are repeatedly paired: a response which is at first elicited by the second stimulus is eventually elicited by the first stimulus alone
What is an example of ‘Pavlovian/classical conditioning’?
Pavlov’s dog. Bell = food = saliva. Eventually bell = saliva
What is ‘operant/instrumental conditioning’?
type of learning where behaviour is controlled by consequences. Key concepts in operant conditioning are positive reinforcement, negative reinforcement, positive punishment and negative punishment
What are the biological constraints of conditioning?
Some learning is biologically advantageous, phobias, conditioned taste aversions
Who conducted the ‘bright, noisy water’ study?
Garcia and Koelling
What is the ‘bright, noisy water’ study?
Rats trained to drink water for one 20 min period a day. There was ‘bright, noisy water’ and ‘tasty water’. They were split into 3 groups: receiving xrays, lithium or shock after drinking the water. Rats avoided tasty water during sickness and bright noisy water during pain
Who was involved in the ‘sauce béarnaise’ study?
Seligman
Where can ‘second order conditioning’ be an issue in clinical setting?
Chemotherapy: sickness can be associated
What are the types of reinforcement?
Primary (unconditional), secondary (conditioned), social, shaping and chaining
What is the ‘primary’ type of reinforcement?
inherently reinforcing e.g food
What is the ‘secondary’ type of reinforcement?
being reinforced e.g. money
What is the ‘social’ type of reinforcement?
consequences of behaviours e.g smiling, nodding
What is the ‘shaping’ type of reinforcement?
reinforcements of successive desired behaviour
What is the ‘chaining’ type of reinforcement?
complex behaviours broken down into parts and each part is reinforced
What is pain?
unpleasant and emotional experience associated with actual/potential tissue damage OR pain is what the patient says it is and exists when he or she says it does
What is a pain rating scale?
Uses the 1-10 ‘pain thermometer’
What is ‘McGill Pain Questionnaire?
Uses descriptors, the body areas effected and pain score
When is ‘faces’ pain scale mainly used?
in paediatrics
Who developed the gate control theory?
Melzack and Wall
What is the gate control theory?
suggests that the signals encounter ‘nerve gates’ at the level of the spinal cord and they need to get cleared through these gates to reach the brain. therefore when the gate is open then there is pain. Uses TENS. Pain is a perception that varies between individuals and there are many causes of pain
Who created the ‘phantom limb pain’ theory?
Moseley
What is ‘phantom limb pain’?
experienced by amputees. Pain is experienced in this area despite the fact that limb sensation should no longer be there after time. Changes in pain linked to mood, behaviour and environment
Who conducted the study for ‘cultural differences and treatment’ for pain?
Clarke and Clarke
What did the ‘Clarke and Clarke study’ with the Himalayan climbers prove?
motivated tolerance was higher that the actual tolerance.
Explain western culture views on pain/treating ill people
‘tough love’ approach. More compassionate care. Patients will drag outgoing to the doctor which is bad
What are treatments for coping with acute pain?
Anaesthesia eg. N20, relaxation techniques, cognitive behaviour therapy for pain
Who devised the ‘classic decision theory - rational choice framework’?
Von Neumaan and Morgenstem
What is the expected utility theory?
Framework to understand how decisions under risk or uncertainty should be made. Based on the logical assumptions about how people calculate the ‘best’ option. The option that has the greatest expected utility is the ‘correct/rational’ choice
Who devised the ‘Bounded Rationality’?
Simon
What is ‘Bounded Rationality’?
The strategies people use to make decisions as people don’t have the capacity to calculate EUT therefore use simpler methods such as Satisficing, Elimination by aspect and Heuristic
Who devised the ‘Satisficing’ approach to making a decision?
Simon
Who devised the ‘Elimination by aspect’ approach to making a decision?
Tversky
Who devised the ‘Heuristic’ approach to making a decision?
Chaiken
What is the ‘Satisficing’ approach to making a decision?
choosing a criteria and going with the first option that matches it
What is the ‘Elimination by aspect’ approach to making a decision?
choose a criteria the COMPARE all those that fit with it
What is the ‘Heuristic’ approach to making a decision?
Use a ‘rule of thumb’ ie. a friend suggested it, you’ve done it before
What are the information processing strategies?
information is searched for then inferred.
System 1: heuristic approach
System 2: Systematic approach
What is the heuristic strategy for information processing?
fast, little effort required. looks at who gave you the information and how reliable they are. More likely to regret it or make the wrong choices
What is the systamatic strategy for information processing?
slow and more analysed. Evaluate pro’s and cons. Less likely to regret the decision
Who came up with the ‘doctors errors’ theory?
Graber
What is ‘doctors errors’?
3 types of failures in diagnosing:
no fault - silent disease. poor quality data from the patient
systematic: delays, missed appointment
cognitive: poor data collection, flawed reasoning
Who came up with the ‘duel process model of diagnostic reasoning’?
Croskerry
What is ‘healthy’?
A state of complete physical, mental and social wellbeing (WHO)
What is ‘ill’?
More than not being well (Lall)
Broadbend and Petrie claim that 38% of symptoms are what?…
Headaches
Who suggested that less that 5% of people with symptoms do not act upon them?
Campbell and Rowland
Who devised the ‘sick role’?
Parsons
What is the ‘sick role’?
society giving people a ‘sick role’ which identifies and accepts them as ill. This makes them exempt from normal social roles and responsibilities. They can seek help (Kals and Cobb). Defined by society
Who devised the ‘self regulation/illness representation’ theory?
Leventhal
What is the ‘self regulation/illness representation’ theory?
Defined by self. Links how illness is presented with the coping and illness behaviours that follow. Varies between individuals. Strategies are appraised and changed if needed.
What are the stages of the ‘self regulation/illness representation’ theory?
Stage 1: Illness representation - identify, cause, timeline, consequences, cure
Stage 2: Coping
Stage 3: Appraisal
Who devised the ‘Beliefs about medicine’?
Horne
What is stress?
a response, a stimuli and a response
What is the general adaptation syndrome?
at first, stress is coped with but then exhaustion stage is reached and body reacts by attacking organs
Who developed the general adaptation syndrome?
selye
what is post traumatic stress disorder?
natural emotional reaction to a deeply shocking and disturbing experience e.g trauma
Who hypothesised that PTDD improves after time?
Hull et al via ‘Pipa alpha’
Who developed psychoimmunology?
Cohen
What is psychoimmunology?
the depression of the immune system function due to stress
Who developed the ‘social readjustment theory’?
Holmes and Rahe
What is the ‘social readjustment theory’?
if a major traumatic event has occurred then a person has to readjust socially
Who developed the ‘hassles and uplifts scale’?
Lazarus and Folkman
What is the ‘hassles and uplifts scale’?
A questionnaire that is done before you go to bed. Consists of rating the hassles and uplifts of different people and relationships after each day
What are the two studies related to breast cancer and life events?
Retrospective and Quasi-Prospective
Who developed the Retrospective study for breast cancer and life events?
Protheroe et al
Who developed the Quasi-Prospective study for breast cancer and life events?
Cooper and Faragher
What is the Retrospective study for breast cancer and life events?
300+ women involved who had breast lumps. The difficult life events in the past were not associated with the cancer
What is the Quasi-Prospective study for breast cancer and life events?
200+ attended a breast screening. The malignancies found to be associated with a single major event
What personality type has a higher risk for heart disease and heart attacks?
Type A
Who proved that lifestyle changes are helpful in the management of stress?
Billings and Siberman et al
Who developed the ‘appraisal process’?
Lazarus and Folkman
What is the primary ‘appraisal process’?
perception of demands
What is the secondary ‘appraisal process’?
available coping options
What is self esteem?
Takes many identities. ‘The looking glass self’ - looking at ourselves as others see us. Self appraised by other peoples reactions
Who developed the ‘social comparison theory’?
Festinger
What is the ‘social comparison theory’?
Using social and relationship information to compare ourselves to others. Maintains self esteem. Inc ‘self serving bias’ which is an unrealistic optimism or positive self view of ones self.
What is the case study linked with ‘social comparison theory’?
Weinstein - Asked students the future likelihood of experiencing future events. They mentioned more desirable events than undesirable. However this was not seen in people with depression.
What ‘self concept’ do young children have?
Visual self concept by the age of 2 (age, appearance, gender)
What ‘self concept’ do older children have?
internal attributes, likes and feelings
What ‘self concept’ do adolescents have?
subtle, abstract, complex
What is the ‘3 mountains problems’?
proves that thought in the preoperation period is egocentric - Children are asked to draw how the mountains would look from the doll’s point of view. Typically, 3- 4 year olds simply draw how the mountains look from their own viewpoint.
When would the ‘3 mountains problems’ not be proven?
in children with autism
What is the ‘halo affect’?
What is beautiful is good and vice versa
What is the white coat halo?
The positive perception you have of people in healthcare e.g. confidentiality, specialised knowledge, caring
What did ‘Milgram’s study’ consist of?
An ordinary man follows orders to deliver an electric shock to a victim from a man in a white coat. This has been replicated several times and proven to be correct
What is the ‘law of social impact’?
the likelihood that a person will respond to social influence will increase with:
•Strength: how important the influencing group of people are to you.
•Immediacy: how close the group are to you (in space and time) at the time of the influence attempt.
•Number: How many people there are in the group
Who developed the ‘law of social impact’?
Latane
What is the ‘bystander apathy’?
individuals do not offer any means of help to a victim when other people are present. Made aware by the Kitty Genovesa case, in which she was left on the street unconscious and bleeding
Who developed the ‘bystander apathy’?
Latane
What does group productivity depend on?
Social facilitation - better performance in competition or being observed. When task gets more complex, then social inhibition comes into play and there are more errors
What is ‘social loafing’?
Working less hard when you’re in a group
What is ‘the risky shift’?
a group consensus is almost always riskier than the average decision made by an individual prior to a group discussion
What is ‘group polarisation’?
Group discussions that strengthen the average inclination of group members
What are the ‘non social factors’ in responding to an emergency?
ambiguity of the situation
personality
personal threat
What are the ‘social factors’ in responding to an emergency?
presence of others - bystander apathy
What is ‘conformity’?
adhering to the norms or going with the majority
who studied conformity’?
Solomon Asch
What is the biomedical model of disability?
The aim is to prevent disability or return person to a state of normal functioning as disability results in social disadvantage. The intervention is eg. surgery, glasses etc
What is the social approach of disability?
rejects impairment as a cause of disability. Disadvantages mostly from societies inability to accommodate. Intervention is social change, not just medical intervention and prevention
What is the ‘equality act’?
protects disabled people and their carers against discrimination or victimisation
What is an outcome indicator?
used by the government to plan for society. measures that describe how well we are achieving our outcomes. They help us know whether things are changing in the way we intended
Who studied ‘important values in your life’?
Rokeach
What is ‘important values in your life’?
figuring out whether terminal values are ranked highest priority. Illness, pain and disability associated with a lower quality of life.
What is ‘health related quality of life’?
function effect of a medical condition and its therapy as assessed by the patient
what are ‘patient reported outcome measures’ or ‘PROM’s’?
patient rating of the effect of a disease, condition or treatment. disease specific measurements can also be used
Why do some people with limiting illnesses rate their quality of life better than healthy people?
Response shift - change in internal standards, re-evaluate values
Rating scale - comparing to past or to others their age
Items assessed - prioritise aspects of their life more
What is health promotion?
enabling people to increase control over or improve their healthcare. More than just an individual behaviour, wide range of social and environmental interventions
Who developed the ‘alameda county study’?
Belloc and Breslow
What is the ‘alameda county study’?
a study of 7000 people that had a follow up 9 years later. The people that had a longer life where those that who followed five practices e.g 8 hours sleep, alcohol moderation, healthy eating etc
Who developed the ‘social cognition theories’?
Bandura
What are the ‘social cognition theories’?
Behaviours are governed by: expectancies about behaviours, incentives or consequences about behaviour and social congnitions
Which models explain behaviour?
Health belief model, protection motivation and stages of change
What is the ‘theory of planned behaviour’?
explains lifestyle behaviour from a persons view of their social world. Beliefs determines attitude which determines Intervention which determines behaviour
What is ‘absolute poverty’?
poverty that is consistent throughout the country
What is ‘relative poverty’?
poverty in relation to a measure in the country where a person lives
What is ‘The Whitehall Studies’?
Study of social gradient and health in civil servants in London. 10, 314 men and women. Showed that there was a clear stepwise social gradient in physical and mental health
Who developed ‘Status syndrome’?
Marmot
What is ‘Status syndrome’?
Psychological mechanisms associated with social status differentiation. Low social position linked to two main biological stress pathways
What is the ‘Life course theory’?
Independent of their adult socioeconomic characteristics, children who fathers working in manual occupations carried a higher risk of coronary heart, stomach problems and stroke
Who developed the ‘Life course theory’?
Galobardes, Lynch, Davey Smith
Who developed social class?
Cleland & Cotton
what is ICD-10?
a way to classify mental disorders
what is a adult psychiatric morbidity survey?
measures prevalence of mental health disorders
what is OCD?
lives dominated by obsession and compulsion eg ritual behaviour
what is ‘generalised anxiety disorder?
excessive and uncontrollable worry about future events and outcomes. occurs with many other anxiety disorders
what is ‘conditioned acquisition’ used for?
phobias - involves signal, trauma, reaction and result
what is dementia?
determination in intellectual function and social behaviour
who developed the ‘enriched model of dementia’?
kitwood
what is the treatment for mild Alzheimer?
acetylcholine esterase inhibitors
what is the treatment for mild Alzheimer?
NMDA receptor agonist
what are the types of depression?
bipolar, unipolar and dysthmia
what are the treatments for depression?
MAOI’s, Tricyclics, SSRI’s, noradrenaline, serotonin, physical activity, exercise, electro convulsive therapy
who developed ‘cognitive theory of depression’?
becks
what is ‘cognitive theory of depression’?
talking therapy. good in mild to moderate cases of depression
what are the all the explanations for health inequality?
1) health selection - survival of the fittest
2) lifestyle
3) materialistic explanation
4) the psycho-social explanation
5) the life course explaination
what is the ‘health selection - survival of the fittest’ explanation?
health status influences social position eg the healthiest are the above the unhealthiest
what is the ‘lifestyle’ explanation?
lower social economic class means high rate of unhealthy behaviour
what is the ‘materialist’ explanation?
material causes affect health eg. those who have central heating in their homes which are free from damp are less likely to have health-threatening respiratory illness
what is the ‘psycho social’ explanation?
the higher the health inequality, the more health and social problems
what is mental health?
a sense of wellbeing, subjective, emotional state. positive. the absence of abnormality.
who developed the ‘basic emotional states’?
Ekman and frieson
what is the ‘basic emotional states’?
happiness, sadness, fear, anger, surprise, disgust
who developed the ‘psychological arousal and emotional intensity’?
hohman
what is the ‘psychological arousal and emotional intensity’?
interviewing patients with spinal injuries and observing a chance in the intensity of experiences
what is the ‘psychological differentiation of emotion’?
actors pose faces whilst imagining or reliving situations. the heart rate and temp was recorded and there was an increase to correlate with increased anger and fear
who developed the ‘psychological differentiation of emotion’?
Ekman et al
what are the ‘broad theories of emotion’?
pattern theory
cognitive theory
appraisal theory
what is ‘pattern theory’ in the broad theories of emotion?
an encounter with something causes a specific arousal and overt behaviour which causes an emotion
who developed the ‘pattern theory’ in the broad theories of emotion?
james-lange
what is ‘cognitive theory’ in the broad theories of emotion?
an encounter causes a general arousal which causes an experience of emotions
who developed the ‘cognitive theory’ in the broad theories of emotion?
schactiter and singer
what is ‘appraisal theory’ in the broad theories of emotion?
encounter causes an appraisal of encounter which causes an experience of emotions
who developed the ‘expression of the emotions in man and animal’?
darwin
what is syringe myelia?
bilateral damage to the brain - failure to recognise fear from facial expressions
who said ‘happiness and health is positive’?
lyubmursley et al, veenhoven and seligman
