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Spinal Exam 1 ZK > I. Osteology: Cells, matrix, ossification, bone density, bone variation > Flashcards

I. Osteology: Cells, matrix, ossification, bone density, bone variation Flashcards

1
Q

What are the four basic tissues of the human body?

A

epithelial, muscle, neural and connective

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2
Q

What is osteology?

A

the study of bone

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3
Q

What are the three primary cell types of bones?

A

osteoblasts, osteocytes, and osteoclasts

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4
Q

What is the fuction of each type of bone cell?

A

Osteoblast-form bone
Osteocyte- maintain and nurture bone
Osteoclast0 remodel bone

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5
Q

What are the bone cells embedded in?

A

an amorphous matrix consisting of groudn substance, protein fibers and various minerals

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6
Q

What is the primary constituent of the ground substance?

A

glycosaminoglycans

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7
Q

What types of glycosaminoglycans predominate in bone?

A

chondroitin sulfate, keratin sulfate and hyularonic acid

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8
Q

What is the principal type of protein fiber in bone?

A

Collagen type 1

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9
Q

What are the primary constituents of the bone mineral?

A

calcium, phosphate, citrate and carbonate ions

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10
Q

What is the most frequently described deposit in bone?

A

hydroxyapatite

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11
Q

Bone is also the repository for what additional ions?

A

sodium, magnesium, flouride, lead, strontium and radium

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12
Q

What is wolff’s law as it pertains to bone?

A

living tissue will respond to stressors; bone is formed or absorbed in response to various stressors

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13
Q

***What 3 responses of “living” bone were stressed in class?

A

it has the ability to heal, to remodel under stressors and to age

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14
Q

Bone is the embryological derivative of which specific connective tissue?

A

mesenchyme and/or cartilage

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15
Q

What is the name given to the pattern of ossification in mesenchyme?

A

intramembranous ossification

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16
Q

What is the timing for the appearance of intramembranous ossification?

A

from the second to third month in utero

17
Q

What part of the axial skeleton is primarily formed by intramembranous ossification?

A

the skull

18
Q

Which of the skull bones are derived from intramembranous ossification?

A

the nasal, palatine, vomer, lacrimal, zygomatic, maxilla, frontal, parietal, most of the mandible, the squama of the temporal and occipital bones and the greater wing of the sphenoid

19
Q

Which bone of the appendicular skeleton is partially formed by intramembranous ossification?

A

clavicle

20
Q

What is the name given to the pattern of ossification in cartilage?

A

endochondral ossifcation

21
Q

What is the timing for the appearance of ossification in cartilage?

A

from the second to fifth month in utero

22
Q

What part of the skill is derived from endochondral ossification?

A

chondrocranium

23
Q

What bones are formed from the chondrocranium?

A

the inferior nasal concha, ethmoid, and the remainder of the mandible, sphenoid, temporal and occipital bones

24
Q

Which skull bones are ossified by both endochondral and intramembranous ossification?

A

the mandible, sphenoid, temporal and occipital bones

25
Q

Which bone of the appendicularskeletion is formed bu both endochondral and intramembranous ossification?

A

the clavicle

26
Q

What are the primary names fiven to the centers of ossification based on time of appearance?

A

Primary centers of ossification appears before birth

secondary centers of ossification appears after birth

27
Q

Mature bones is described as being composed of what areas based on bone density?

A

cortical or compact bone and spongy, cancellous or trabecular bone

28
Q

What is the name given to the bone below an articulating surface?

A

subchondral bone

29
Q

What is the name of the outer fibro-cellular covering of bone?

A

the periosteum

30
Q

What is the name given to the fibro-cellular lining of the bone?

A

the endostrum

31
Q

***What are the primary sources of variation observed in bone?

A

Sexual dimorphism (gender variation), ontogenetic variation (growth or age variation), geographic or population based variation (ethnic variation) and idiosyncratic variation (individual variation)

32
Q

Differenced in the number of morphology of vertebrae within the population based on male and femal variation is identified as which type of variation?

A

Sexual dimorphism or gender variation

33
Q

Differences in the number or morphology of vertebrae withing the population based on age or development variation is identified as whi9ch type of variation?

A

ontogenetic variation

Spinal Exam 1 ZK (26 decks)

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