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Spinal Anatomy > I. Cells & Matrix > Flashcards

I. Cells & Matrix Flashcards

1
Q

What are the four basic tissues of the human body?

A

epithelial, muscle, neural & connective tissues

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2
Q

What is osteology?

A

the study of bone

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3
Q

What are the three primary cell types of bone cell?

A

osteoblasts, osteocytes, and osteoclasts

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4
Q

What is the function of each type of bone cell?

A

osteoblast - form bone
osteocyte - maintain or nurture bone
osteoclast - remodel bone

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5
Q

What are the bone cells embedded in?

A

an amorphous matrix consisting of ground substance, protein fibers, and various minerals

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6
Q

What is the primary constituent of the ground substance?

A

glycosaminoglycans

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7
Q

What types of glycosaminoglycans predominate in bone?

A

chondroitin sulfates, keratin sulfates, and hyaluronic acid

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8
Q

What is the principal type of protein fiber in bone?

A

collagen type I

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9
Q

What is the primary constituents of the bone minerals?

A

calcium, phosphate, citrate, and carbonate ions

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10
Q

What is the most frequently described deposit in bone?

A

hydroxapatite

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11
Q

Bone is also the repository for what additional ions?

A

sodium, magnesium, fluoride, lead, strontium, and radium

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12
Q

What is Wolff’s Law as it pertains to bone?

A

living tissue will respond to stressors such as anxiety, tension, and pressure; bone is formed or absorbed in response to these same stressors

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13
Q

What three responses to “living” bone were stressed in class?

A

it has the ability to heal, to remodel under stressors such as anxiety, tension, or pressure and to age

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14
Q

Bone is the embryological derivative of which specific connective tissues?

A

mesenchyme and/or cartilage

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15
Q

What is the name given to the pattern of ossification in mesenchyme?

A

intramembranous ossification

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16
Q

What is the timing for the appearance of intramembranous ossification?

A

from the second to third month in utero

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17
Q

What part of the axial skeleton is primarily formed by intramembranous ossification?

A

the skull

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18
Q

What is the name given to the pattern of ossification in cartilage?

A

endochondral ossification

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19
Q

What is the timing for the appearance of ossification in cartilage?

A

from the second to fifth month in utero

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20
Q

Which skull bones are ossified by both endochondral and intramembranous ossificaiton?

A

the mandible, sphenoid, temporal, and occipital bones

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21
Q

Which bones of the appendicular skeleton is formed by both endochondral and intramembranous ossification?

A

the clavicle

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22
Q

What are the names given to the centers of ossification based on time of appearance?

A

primary centers of ossification appear before birth

secondary centers of ossification appear after birth

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23
Q

Mature bone is described as being composed of what areas based on bone density?

A

cortical or compact bone and spongy, cancellous, or trabecular bone

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24
Q

What is the name given to the bone below an articulating surface?

A

subchondral bone

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25
Q

What is the name of the outer fibro-cellular covering of bone?

A

the periosteum

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26
Q

What is the name given to the fibro-cellular covering lining of bone?

A

the endosteum

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27
Q

What are the primary sources of variation observed in bone?

A

sexual dimorphism (gender variation), ontogenetic variation (growth or age variation), geographic or population-based variation (ethnic variation), and idiosyncratic variation (individual variation)

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28
Q

Differences in the number or morphology of vertebrae within the population based on male and female variation is identified as which type of variation?

A

sexual dimorphism or gender variation

29
Q

Differences in the number or morphology of vertebrae within the population based on age or developmental variation is identified as which type of variation?

A

ontogenetic variation

30
Q

Differences in the number or morphology of vertebrae within the population based on ethnicity or locational variation is identified as which type of variation?

A

geographic variation or population based variation

31
Q

Differences in the number or morphology of vertebrae within the population based on the uniqueness between individuals is identified as which type of variation?

A

idiosyncratic variation

32
Q

What are six more commonly used classifications of normal bone?

A

long bones, short bones, flat bones, irregular bones, paranasal sinus or pneumatic bones, and sesamoid bones

33
Q

Which classifications of bone are characteristic of the appendicular skeleton?

A

long bones, short bones, and sesamoid bones

34
Q

What is the characteristic feature of a long bone?

A

it is longer than it is across (length greater than breadth)

35
Q

What are the names given to the parts of a long bone?

A

the diaphysis (shaft) and typically two epiphyses (extremities)

36
Q

What is the primary characteristic of short bones?

A

they are essentially cuboidal

37
Q

What are examples of short bones?

A

most of the bones of the carpus and tarsus

38
Q

What is the characteristic of a sesamoid bone?

A

the bone develops within a tendon

39
Q

What are consistent examples of sesamoid bones?

A

patella and pisiform

40
Q

Which classifications of bone are characteristic of the axial skeleton?

A

flat bones, irregular bones, and paranasal sinus or pneumatic bones

41
Q

What are flat bone?

A

a thin layer of spongy bone is sandwiched between two layers of compact bone

42
Q

What are examples of flat bones?

A

the parietal bone and sternum

43
Q

What is the name given to the spongy bone of the skull?

44
Q

What is characteristic of irregular bone?

A

numerous projections or irregular outlines

45
Q

What are examples of irregular bone?

A

the vertebrae and innominate bones

46
Q

What is characteristic pneumatic bone?

A

air spaces within the bone

47
Q

What are examples of pneumatic bone?

A

frontal, ethmoid, maxilla, sphenoid, and temporal

48
Q

What bones contain paranasal sinuses?

A

frontal, ethmoid, maxilla, and sphenoid

49
Q

What are the classifications given to abnormal bone stressed in Spinal Anatomy?

A

accessory and heterotopic bone

50
Q

What is the name given to bone formed from existing bone?

A

accessory bone

51
Q

What are examples of accessory bone?

A

para-articular processes and bony spurs on vertebrae

52
Q

What is the name given to bone formed in a non-bone location?

A

heterotopic bone

53
Q

What are examples of hetertopic bone?

A

calcific deposits in the pineal gland, heart, and ligaments

54
Q

What are the four basic feature categories?

A

elevations, depressions, tunnels or passageways, and facets

55
Q

When do the surface features of bone become prominent?

A

during and after puberty

56
Q

What are the types of osseous elevations?

A

linear, rounded, and sharp

57
Q

What are the types of osseous linear elevation?

A

the line, ridge, and crest

58
Q

What are the types of rounded osseous elevations?

A

tubercle, protuberance, trochanter, tuber, or tuberosity, and malleolus

59
Q

What are the categories of sharp osseous elevations?

A

spine and process

60
Q

What are the categories of osseous depressions?

A

linear and rounded depressions

61
Q

What are the categories of osseous linear depressions?

A

notch or incisure, groove, and sulcus

62
Q

What are categories of rounded osseous depressions?

A

the fovea and fossa

63
Q

What are the names given to openings on the surface of bone?

A

ostium or orifice and hiatus

64
Q

What is the definition of an osseous ostium?

A

a round or oval opening on the surface of bone

65
Q

What is the definition of an osseous hiatus?

A

an irregular opening on the surface of bone

66
Q

What are the names given to the osseous ostia which completely penetrate bone?

A

foramen or canal

67
Q

What is the name given to an ostium which does not completely penetrate through a region of bone but appears as a blind-ended passageway?

68
Q

What are the categories of osseous facets?

A

flat facets and rounded facets

69
Q

What are the categories of rounded osseous facets?

A

articular heads and articular condyles

Spinal Anatomy (9 decks)

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