I. 1987 PHILIPPINE CONSTITUTION

Question 1

I. 1987 PHILIPPINE CONSTITUTION

A. Definition, Nature, and Concepts of the Constitution
B. Amendment and Revision
(1987 CONST., art. XVII, secs. 1-4; R.A. No. 6735)
C. National Territory
(1987 CONST., art. I; UNCLOS, arts. 1, 3-8, 33, 46-48, 50 and 55-58)
D. Separation of Powers, and Checks and Balances
E. State Immunity
(1987 CONST., art. XVI, sec. 3; P.D. No. 1445)
F. Delegation of Powers
(1987 CONST., art. VI, secs. 1, 23(2) and 28(2))
G. Fundamental Powers of the State –
Police Power, Eminent Domain and Taxation
– Concept, Application, and Limitations
(1987 CONST., art. III, sec. 9; art. VI, sec. 28; art. XIV, sec. 4(3))

Question 2

I. 1987 PHILIPPINE CONSTITUTION

A. Definition, Nature, and Concepts of the Constitution
1. Declaration of Principles
a. Democracy and Republicanism - STATE THE RULE
b. Renunciation of War
c. Supremacy of Civilian Authority over Military

DR.war Suprme

D -P2p, RoL, CC, Ps, Po (Do)

R - RepGov, LtdGov, SoP, Acc (Ra)

Answer 2

Democracy and Republicanism in the 1987 Philippine Constitution: Key Points

Democracy:
Power to the People: Sovereignty resides in the people, meaning they hold the ultimate power and government authority stems from them (Section 1).
Rule of Law: The Philippines adheres to generally accepted principles of international law, promoting justice, equality, and freedom (Section 2).
Civilian Control: Civilian authority is supreme over the military, ensuring the military serves the people and the state (Section 3).
Public Service: The government prioritizes serving and protecting the people, and citizens may be called upon to contribute to national defense (Section 4).
Peace and Order: Maintaining peace, protecting life and property, and promoting general welfare are fundamental to a democratic society (Section 5).

Republicanism:
Representative Government: The people elect representatives to govern, rather than having a monarch or other hereditary leader.
Limited Government: The Constitution establishes clear limitations on government power to protect individual rights and prevent abuse.
Separation of Powers: Power is divided among executive, legislative, and judicial branches to prevent any one branch from becoming too powerful.
Accountability: Government officials are accountable to the people through elections, checks and balances, and rule of law.

Bonus Tip: Remember “DORA” for Democracy:
Democracy & Rule of Law
Order & Peace
Republican System
Accountability

Additional Notes:
The separation of Church and State ensures religious freedom and prevents government interference in religious matters.
These principles are interconnected and contribute to a functioning democratic and republican system in the Philippines.

Question 3

I. 1987 PHILIPPINE CONSTITUTION

A. Definition, Nature, and Concepts of the Constitution
2. State Policies
a. Independent Foreign Policy - STATE THE RULE
b. Social Justice
c. Sanctity of Family and Vital Role of Youth in Nation-Building

SNIP
Sov & SD
Nat i1st
iOT
P&NF

Answer 3

Key Points of Independent Foreign Policy in the Philippine Constitution (Sections 7 & 8):

1. National Sovereignty and Self-Determination:
   The Philippines prioritizes its own independence and right to make its own choices in international affairs.
   This means avoiding alliances or entanglements that could compromise its decision-making.
2. National Interest:
   Foreign policy decisions are guided by what benefits the Philippines the most, economically, politically, and strategically.
   This could involve balancing relationships with different countries and avoiding harmful economic dependence.
3. Territorial Integrity:
   The Philippines protects its borders and claims to land and maritime territory.
   This includes defending its interests in the South China Sea and other disputed areas.
4. Freedom from Nuclear Weapons:
   The Philippines prohibits the presence, testing, or storage of nuclear weapons on its territory.
   This reflects a commitment to disarmament and non-proliferation.

Bonus Tip: Remember “S.N.I.P.” for easy recall:
Sovereignty and Self-Determination
National Interest First
Integrity of Territory
Peaceful & Nuclear-Free Approach

Question 4

I. 1987 PHILIPPINE CONSTITUTION

B. Amendment and Revision

(1987 CONST., art. XVII, secs. 1-4; R.A. No. 6735)

Changs.RatPleb.6090
Specfc.Xtnsiv

Answer 4

Key Differences and Similarities Between Amendment and Revision of the Philippine Constitution (Sections 1-4)

Similarities:
Both amendment and revision involve changes to the Constitution.
Both require ratification through a plebiscite by a majority of votes cast.
Both processes occur within a specific timeframe after approval (60-90 days).

Differences:
Scope of Change:
Amendment: Modifies specific provisions within the existing framework of the Constitution.
Revision: May involve more extensive changes, potentially altering the overall structure or character of the Constitution.

Initiation:
Amendment: Can be proposed by Congress (3/4 vote) or through people’s initiative (12% of registered voters).
Revision: Only initiated by Congress (2/3 vote) or by Congress asking the electorate (majority vote) if they want a convention.

Frequency:
Amendment: No limit on frequency, but cannot be proposed within 5 years of previous amendment.
Revision: No specific limitation on frequency.

Bonus Tip: Remember “A.M.E.N.D.” and “R.E.V.I.S.E.” for easy recall:

Amendment: Minor changes, Either by National initiative or Directly from Congress.

Revision: Extensive changes, Voted upon by the people after Initiation by Congress, Subject to no specific frequency limit.

Question 5

I. 1987 PHILIPPINE CONSTITUTION

C. National Territory

(1987 CONST., art. I; - STATE THE RULE

UNCLOS, arts. 1, 3-8, 33, 46-48, 50 and 55-58)

Answer 5

Key Points of the Philippines National Territory:

Imagine the Philippines as an island nation with:
Main islands:
The Philippine archipelago with all its smaller islands and surrounding waters.
Additional territories:
Any other areas the Philippines claims sovereignty or control over (e.g., historical claims).
Three domains:
Land (terrestrial), rivers (fluvial), and air (aerial).
Extended territory:
Includes the seabed, subsoil, underwater shelves, and other submarine areas.
Internal waters:
All the waters within and between the islands, regardless of size.

Remember: The Philippines claims this territory and its resources as its own.

Bonus Tip:
Think of “MAIN ISLANDS, EXTRA LAND, 3 DOMAINS DEEP, INTERNAL WATERS KEEP” for easy recall.

Question 6

I. 1987 PHILIPPINE CONSTITUTION

D. Separation of Powers (Distributes), and Checks and Balances (Influence)

Make.Apply.interpret Laws

Answer 6

Separation of Powers and
Checks and Balances

Both separation of powers and checks & Balances, ensuring a balanced and accountable government.

Separation of Powers:
Nature: Distributes governmental power among three branches: legislative (Congress), executive (President), and judicial (Supreme Court and lower courts).
Key Points:
Each branch has distinct functions and powers:
Legislative: Makes laws.
Executive: Implements laws and enforces policies.
Judicial: Interprets laws and settles disputes.
Aims to prevent concentration of power in any single branch, promoting individual liberty and preventing tyranny.

Checks and Balances:
Nature: Mechanisms allowing branches to restrain and influence each other’s actions.

Key Points:
Each branch possesses tools to limit the power of others:
Legislative:
Override vetoes with a supermajority.
Conduct oversight hearings and investigations.
Impeach executive and judicial officials.
Executive:
Veto legislation.
Issue executive orders and proclamations.
Appoint key officials with Senate consent.
Judicial:
Declare laws unconstitutional through judicial review.
Issue writs of mandamus, certiorari, and prohibition.
Discipline or remove erring judges.

Aims to prevent abuse of power and ensure accountability across branches.

Similarities:
Both aim to prevent power concentration and promote good governance.
Both rely on institutional cooperation and respect for each other’s functions.

Differences:
Focus: Separation of powers defines the structure, while checks and balances define specific mechanisms of interaction.
Scope: Separation of powers is broader, establishing distinct branches, while checks and balances are specific tools within those branches.

Example:
Scenario: Congress passes a law deemed unconstitutional by the Supreme Court.

Separation of powers: The distinct roles of the legislative and judicial branches come into play. Congress enacts laws, and the Supreme Court interprets them.

Checks and balances: The Supreme Court uses judicial review, a check on the legislature’s power, to declare the law unconstitutional. This prevents the legislature from overstepping its bounds and protects individual rights.

Question 7

I. 1987 PHILIPPINE CONSTITUTION

E. State Immunity

(1987 CONST., art. XVI, sec. 3; P.D. No. 1445)

Answer 7

State Immunity: May Not Be Sued Without Consent

General Rule:
The State, as the sovereign entity, enjoys sovereign immunity. This means it cannot be sued in court without its express consent. This principle protects the State from frivolous lawsuits, ensures efficient government administration, and maintains its dignity.

Exceptions:

1) State Waives Immunity: The State can waive its immunity through:
Specific laws: Certain laws allow lawsuits against the State in specific situations. For example, the Philippines has laws allowing suits against the Government Service Insurance System (GSIS) or the Special Agrarian Court.
Contracts: The State can voluntarily waive immunity when entering into contracts.
Special consent: The State may grant specific consent to be sued in a particular case.
2) Personal Capacity Lawsuits: Individuals can sue government officials in their personal capacities for acts outside their official duties. This means they are not suing the State itself but the individual for their personal actions.
3) Public Interest Litigation: In certain cases, courts may allow lawsuits against the State in the public interest, even without its consent. This is usually done to protect fundamental rights or prevent grave injustice.

1. State Waives Immunity Through Specific Laws:
   Philippines: You can sue the Government Service Insurance System (GSIS) for non-payment of benefits under specific laws like the GSIS Act of 1997.
2. Personal Capacity Lawsuits:
   Philippines: A citizen can sue a police officer for excessive force used during an arrest in their personal capacity, even if the arrest itself was legal.
3. Public Interest Litigation:
   Philippines: A non-governmental organization (NGO) can sue the government for failing to enforce environmental laws, even if the government hasn’t waived its immunity.

Question 8

I. 1987 PHILIPPINE CONSTITUTION

F. Delegation of Powers

(1987 CONST., art. VI, secs. 1, 23(2) and 28(2))

Answer 8

A)
Key Points of Emergency Powers Delegation in the Philippines:

Imagine: In times of crisis (war, natural disaster, etc.), the Philippines allows for temporary super-powers to be granted to the President.

Think:
Who delegates? Congress (the people’s representatives) must approve the power transfer.
Who receives? The President gains extra authority, but only for a limited time and with specific restrictions.
What powers? Only those necessary to address the declared emergency and achieve a specific national policy.
How long does it last? Until Congress says stop (resolution) or until the next congressional session ends.
Why is it important? Allows for swift action in emergencies while maintaining checks and balances.

Memorize: Congress grants Limited Powers to President for Emergencies, with Restrictions and Temporary duration.

B)
Key Points of Tariff/Tax Delegation in the Philippines:

Think: Congress can delegate some power, but with strings attached!
Who delegates? Congress, the people’s representatives.
Who receives? The President gains authority.
What power? To set tariffs, quotas, and other taxes on imports, exports, and shipping.

Restrictions:
Must be within specified limits: Congress decides a range for the President to work with.
Must follow limitations and restrictions: Congress sets the rules for how the President uses the power.
Must fit within national development plans: Decisions should support the country’s overall development goals.
Why is it important? Allows flexibility in economic policy while maintaining congressional oversight.

Memorize: Congress gives President limited power for Taxes and tariffs, with Restrictions and National Development goals in mind.

Question 9

I. 1987 PHILIPPINE CONSTITUTION

G. Fundamental Powers of the State
– Police Power, - STATE THE RULE

Eminent Domain and
Taxation

– Concept, Application, and Limitations

(1987 CONST., art. III, sec. 9; art. VI,
sec. 28; art. XIV, sec. 4(3))

Answer 9

Key Points of Police Power, Eminent Domain, and Taxation Power (Philippines):

1. Police Power:

Concept: The inherent power of the state to enact laws and regulations to promote public health, safety, morals, and general welfare.

Applications: Regulating businesses, public health measures (vaccinations, quarantine), zoning laws, environmental protection, building codes.
Limitations:
Must be exercised in good faith and not for private purposes.
Cannot be arbitrary, oppressive, or unreasonable.
Must not violate fundamental rights or equal protection.

Example: Banning smoking in public places to protect public health.

Question 10

I. 1987 PHILIPPINE CONSTITUTION

G. Fundamental Powers of the State
– Police Power,

Eminent Domain and - STATE THE RULE

Taxation

– Concept, Application, and Limitations

(1987 CONST., art. III, sec. 9; art. VI,
sec. 28; art. XIV, sec. 4(3))

Answer 10

2. Eminent Domain:

Concept: The power of the state to take private property for public use, with just compensation.

Applications: Building roads, schools, public housing, infrastructure projects.
Limitations:
Must be for a public purpose, not for private gain.
Just compensation must be provided to the owner (fair market value).
Due process must be followed before taking the property.

Example: Taking a landowner’s property to build a new public highway, with fair compensation paid.

Question 11

I. 1987 PHILIPPINE CONSTITUTION

G. Fundamental Powers of the State
– Police Power,
Eminent Domain and E

Taxation - STATE THE RULE

– Concept, Application, and Limitations

(1987 CONST., art. III, sec. 9; art. VI,
sec. 28; art. XIV, sec. 4(3))

Answer 11

3. Taxation Power:

Concept: The power of the state to levy compulsory charges on individuals and property to raise revenue for public purposes.

Applications: Income tax, sales tax, property tax, customs duties.
Limitations:
Must be levied for public purposes, not for private gain.
Must be uniform and equitable (similarly situated individuals pay similar taxes).
Cannot be excessive or confiscatory (taking too much).

Example: Imposing a sales tax on goods and services, with exemptions for basic necessities.

Question 12

I. 1987 PHILIPPINE CONSTITUTION

A. Definition, Nature, and Concepts of the Constitution
1. Declaration of Principles
a. Democracy and Republicanism
b. Renunciation of War - STATE THE RULE
c. Supremacy of Civilian Authority over Military

Answer 12

Renunciation of War in the 1987 Philippine Constitution: Key Points
The Philippines actively rejects war as a policy tool and embraces peace on a global scale. Here are the key points from Sections 1 to 6 that support this:

1. Sovereignty and the People’s Will (Section 1):
   The power to choose war or peace ultimately rests with the people, not any single individual or group.
2. International Law and Peaceful Relations (Section 2):
   The Philippines actively adopts international legal principles promoting peace, equality, and cooperation with other nations.
   War as a means of conflict resolution is explicitly rejected.
3. Civilian Control over Military (Section 3):
   The military’s role is to protect the people and the state, not to pursue aggressive actions.
   Civilian authority ensures decisions regarding war and peace prioritize the well-being of the people.
4. Government’s Duty to Protect (Section 4):
   The government’s primary responsibility is to safeguard the people, which includes protecting them from harm caused by war.
5. Peace and Order as Foundation for Democracy (Section 5):
   A peaceful society is essential for enjoying the freedoms and benefits of democracy.
   War contradicts the fundamental values upon which democracy is built.
6. Separation of Church and State (Section 6):
   This principle prevents religious justifications for war, ensuring decisions are based on secular values and international law.
   Bonus Tip: Remember “P.E.A.C.E.” to summarize the key points:

Power to the People (Sovereignty)
Embrace International Law & Cooperation
Authority Over Military with Civilian Control
Civilian Protection as Government Duty
Essential for Democratic Values

Question 13

I. 1987 PHILIPPINE CONSTITUTION

A. Definition, Nature, and Concepts of the Constitution
1. Declaration of Principles
a. Democracy and Republicanism
b. Renunciation of War
c. Supremacy of Civilian Authority over Military - STATE THE RULE

Answer 13

Supremacy of Civilian Authority in the 1987 Philippine Constitution: Key Points
The 1987 Philippine Constitution firmly establishes the supremacy of civilian authority over the military through various principles outlined in Sections 1 to 6. Here’s a simplified summary for easy understanding and memorization:

1. People as the Ultimate Power (Section 1):
   Sovereignty resides with the people, meaning they ultimately control the military through their elected representatives.
2. Prioritizing Peace and International Law (Section 2):
   The government’s focus on peace and adherence to international law ensures military actions align with civilian values and respect for human rights.
3. Civilian Control of the Military (Section 3):
   This section explicitly states that civilian authority reigns supreme over the military, preventing the military from independently pursuing its own agenda.
   The military’s role is to protect the people and the state, following civilian leadership.
4. Government’s Responsibility to Citizens (Section 4):
   The government’s primary duty is to serve and protect the people, which includes safeguarding them from potential harm caused by the military.
5. Democratic Values and Peace (Section 5):
   A peaceful society where the military operates under civilian control is essential for upholding democratic values like freedom and justice.
6. Separation of Church and State (Section 6):
   This principle prevents religious influences from dictating military actions, ensuring decisions prioritize civilian interests and the rule of law.

Bonus Tip: Remember “C.A.P.T.A.I.N.” to recall the key points:
Civilian Authority Reigns Supreme
Always Prioritize Peace & International Law
Protect the People & State with Civilian Control
Transparency & Accountability to Citizens
Adhere to Democratic Values & Peace
Independent of Religious Influences & Aligned with Law

Question 14

I. 1987 PHILIPPINE CONSTITUTION

A. Definition, Nature, and Concepts of the Constitution
2. State Policies
a. Independent Foreign Policy
b. Social Justice - STATE THE RULE
c. Sanctity of Family and Vital Role of Youth in Nation-Building

Answer 14

Key Points of Social Justice in the Philippine Constitution (Sections 9, 10, 14, 18, 21):

1. Uplifting All Filipinos:
   The State actively promotes a just and dynamic social order (Section 9), aiming to improve the standard of living and quality of life for all, especially those in poverty.
   This involves providing adequate social services, promoting full employment, and ensuring equal access to opportunities.
2. Bridging the Gap:
   The State is committed to social justice in all phases of national development (Section 10), actively addressing inequalities and promoting equitable distribution of resources.
3. Gender Equality:
   The State recognizes the vital role of women in nation-building and guarantees their fundamental equality before the law (Section 14), aiming to eliminate gender discrimination and empower women.
4. Labor Rights and Welfare:
   The State upholds labor as a primary social and economic force (Section 18), protecting workers’ rights and promoting their welfare through fair wages, decent working conditions, and social security.
5. Rural Development and Agrarian Reform:
   The State prioritizes comprehensive rural development and agrarian reform (Section 21), aiming to empower rural communities, address land ownership issues, and improve living conditions in the countryside.

Bonus Tip: Remember “U.G.L.E.R.” for easy recall:
Uplifting All Filipinos & Improving Quality of Life
Gapping Inequalities & Promoting Equity
Level the Playing Field for Women
Ensure Fair Treatment & Welfare of Laborers
Rural Development & Agrarian Reform for Justice

Question 15

I. 1987 PHILIPPINE CONSTITUTION

A. Definition, Nature, and Concepts of the Constitution
2. State Policies
a. Independent Foreign Policy
b. Social Justice
c. Sanctity of Family and Vital Role of Youth in Nation-Building - STATE THE RULE

Answer 15

Sanctity of Family and Youth in Nation-Building (Philippine Constitution)

Family:
Section 12: Recognizes the family as a fundamental social unit and pledges to protect and strengthen it.
Section 12: Guarantees equal protection for mothers and unborn children from conception.
Section 12: Supports parents in raising their children for civic responsibility and moral character.

Youth:
Section 13: Recognizes the vital role of youth in nation-building.
Section 13: Commits to promoting and protecting their physical, moral, spiritual, intellectual, and social well-being.
Section 13: Aims to instill patriotism and nationalism in youth and encourage their involvement in public and civic affairs.

Connecting the Dots:
Strong families: Seen as the foundation for raising responsible and engaged citizens.
Empowered youth: Considered key contributors to national development and progress.
Government’s role: Providing support and opportunities for families and youth to thrive.

Bonus Tip:
Remember “FAMILY FIRST, YOUTH EMPOWERED, NATION STRONGER” for easy recall.

Question 16

I. 1987 PHILIPPINE CONSTITUTION

B. Amendment and Revision

(1987 CONST., art. XVII, secs. 1-4;

RA 6735

Answer 16

Key Points of the Initiative and Referendum Act (Philippines) for Revision and Amendments:

Who can propose changes:
All registered voters in the country, autonomous regions, provinces, cities, municipalities, and barangays.

Types of changes:
Initiative: Propose new laws or amendments to existing laws.
Referendum: Approve or reject laws passed by legislative bodies.

Requirements for proposing changes:
Gather signatures from a specific percentage of registered voters depending on the level of government (national, regional, local).
Submit a petition with details of the proposed change and reasons for it.

Process for national changes:
Commission on Elections verifies petition signatures and sets a date for a national vote (plebiscite).
If a majority votes in favor, the change takes effect.

Process for local changes:
Submit a petition to the local legislative body.
If they don’t act within 30 days, proponents can gather signatures for a vote.
If a majority votes in favor, the change takes effect.

Limitations:
Cannot propose changes to emergency measures or laws outside the local body’s power.
Cannot repeal or amend changes within specific timeframes.

Additional points:
Courts can review the validity of changes.
Omnibus Election Code applies to voting procedures.
Commission on Elections can create rules for implementation.

For easy memorization:
Think “I&R” for Initiative and Referendum.
Remember different requirements for national and local changes.
Know the limitations on what can be changed.
Understand the voting and approval process.

Question 17

I. 1987 PHILIPPINE CONSTITUTION

C. National Territory

(1987 CONST., art. I;

UNCLOS, arts. 1, 3-8, 33, 46-48, 50 and 55-58) - - STATE THE RULE

Answer 17

Part I: Introduction

Article 1. Name of the Convention

Part II: Territorial Sea and Contiguous Zone
Articles 3-8. Territorial sea (definition, breadth, baseline, outer limit, delimitation)

Part V: Exclusive Economic Zone
Article 33. Rights and duties of the coastal State in the exclusive economic zone

Part XII: Archipelagic States
Articles 46-48. Archipelagic waters, delineation of archipelagic baselines, right of innocent passage

Part XIII: High Seas
Article 50. Freedom of the high seas

Part XV: Marine Pollution
Articles 55-58. Protection of the marine environment, prevention of marine pollution, liability and compensation

Question 18

I. 1987 PHILIPPINE CONSTITUTION

E. State Immunity

(1987 CONST., art. XVI, sec. 3; P.D. No. 1445)

explain PD 1445 - COA to ensure proper U of PF

Answer 18

While Presidential Decree No. 1445, the Government Auditing Code of the Philippines, doesn’t directly address the “state cannot be sued without its consent” rule, it plays a significant role in ensuring accountability and preventing misuse of public funds, indirectly impacting the concept. Here are some key points of PD 1445:

1. Scope and Authority:
   Establishes the Commission on Audit (COA) as the supreme audit body responsible for examining and settling all accounts and claims pertaining to the national and local governments.
2. Audit Functions:
   Empowers the COA to conduct various audits, including financial, performance, and special audits, to ensure proper use of public funds by government agencies.
   Allows them to disallow irregular, unnecessary, or extravagant expenditures.
3. Reporting and Penalties:
   Mandates agencies to submit financial reports and cooperate with audits.
   Authorizes the COA to impose sanctions on officials found responsible for misuse of public funds.
   Allows them to recommend prosecution of individuals who violate laws or regulations related to public finances.
4. Accountability and Transparency:
   Promotes transparency by making audit reports publicly accessible.
   Provides a mechanism for citizens to file complaints against government agencies for potential misuse of funds.
5. Indirect Impact on Sovereign Immunity:
   While PD 1445 doesn’t directly waive sovereign immunity, it strengthens accountability and encourages responsible use of public funds.
   By identifying and addressing irregularities, it can help prevent situations where the government gets sued due to misuse of funds.
   However, it’s important to note that PD 1445 doesn’t grant citizens the right to directly sue the government. They still need to follow established legal procedures and rely on alternative remedies like administrative complaints or legislative action.

Question 19

12. Scenario: A government agency implements a mandatory vaccination program for all citizens amidst a public health crisis. Some citizens argue it violates their right to bodily autonomy. How can this be resolved according to Philippine constitutional principles?

a) The government program is automatically deemed valid due to the public health emergency.
b) The courts must balance the government’s interest in public health against individual rights, considering the least restrictive means to achieve its goals.
c) The program is unconstitutional as it directly infringes on personal liberty without exception.
d) The Supreme Court can unilaterally declare the program valid through judicial review.

Answer 19

Answer: b) Balancing competing interests and seeking the least restrictive means are crucial principles in constitutional interpretation.

Question 20

13. Scenario: A community protests the construction of a large dam project on their ancestral land, claiming it violates their right to a clean and healthy environment and their cultural rights. The government claims the project is vital for national development and power generation. How can this conflict be addressed?

a) The government can proceed with the project as long as they comply with environmental regulations.
b) The community’s claims hold no legal weight, and the government’s development goals take precedence.
c) Negotiation and dialogue between the government and community, seeking mutually acceptable solutions, are crucial.
d) The courts can only intervene if environmental laws are demonstrably violated.

Answer 20

Answer: c) Seeking solutions through dialogue and respecting diverse rights are essential in such conflicts.

Question 21

14. Scenario: A social media influencer is arrested for criticizing government officials on their platform. The government claims they are spreading disinformation and inciting hatred. The influencer argues their actions are protected by freedom of speech. How should this situation be addressed?

a) The influencer’s freedom of speech is absolute, and the arrest is unconstitutional.
b) The government has the authority to limit speech that harms national security or public order.
c) The courts must determine if the influencer’s speech falls within the boundaries of protected expression.
d) The government can impose restrictions on social media platforms to prevent harmful content.

Answer 21

Answer: c) Courts play a crucial role in balancing freedom of speech with other societal interests.

Question 22

15. Scenario: A group of workers strike against their employer, demanding better wages and working conditions. The employer claims the strike is illegal and disrupts their business operations. How can this dispute be resolved according to Philippine labor laws?

a) The government can intervene and force the workers to return to work.
b) The employer can fire all striking workers as they are violating company rules.
c) Both parties have the right to negotiate and bargain collectively to reach a fair settlement.
d) The courts can only intervene if there are clear violations of labor laws or public order.

Answer 22

Answer: c) The right to strike and collective bargaining are enshrined in Philippine labor laws.

Question 23

1. In the context of the Bill of Rights, which of the following statements is FALSE?

a) The right to free speech protects even offensive or unpopular opinions.
b) The right to privacy encompasses the protection of one’s home from unreasonable searches and seizures.
c) The right to assembly allows individuals to gather peacefully for any purpose.
d) The right to due process guarantees a fair trial with the right to legal representation.

Answer 23

Answer: c) The right to assembly allows individuals to gather peacefully for lawful purposes.

Question 24

2. Under the separation of powers principle, which of the following actions is MOST likely deemed an unconstitutional encroachment by the legislative branch on the judicial branch?

a) Passing a law that expands the jurisdiction of lower courts.
b) Increasing the salaries of judges through legislation.
c) Impeaching a Supreme Court Justice for misconduct.
d) Overturning a judicial decision through a subsequent law.

Answer 24

Answer: d) Overturning a judicial decision through a subsequent law directly interferes with the judicial power of interpretation and violates separation of powers.

Question 25

3. The power of the state to take private property for public use with just compensation is known as:

a) Police Power
b) Eminent Domain
c) Taxation Power
d) Habeas Corpus

Answer 25

Answer: b) Eminent Domain is the specific power granting the state this authority.

Question 26

4. In the Philippines, the power to declare war is vested in:

a) The President, with the concurrence of the Senate.
b) The Congress, through a joint resolution of both houses.
c) The Supreme Court, upon petition by the President.
d) The Commission on Elections, in case of foreign aggression.

Answer 26

Answer: b) The power to declare war is reserved for Congress as per the Constitution.

Question 27

5. The principle that prohibits the government from discriminating against individuals based on irrelevant characteristics like race, religion, or gender is known as:

a) Equal Protection Clause
b) Right to Life, Liberty, and Security
c) Due Process Clause
d) Freedom of Speech and Expression

e of

Answer 27

Answer: a) The Equal Protection Clause guarantees equal treatment under the law for similarly situated individuals.

Question 28

6. Which of the following is NOT a recognized ground for the President to exercise the power of habeas corpus?

a) To prevent imminent danger to the public.
b) To suspend the writ during an invasion or rebellion.
c) To arrest individuals without probable cause.
d) To quell a public uprising.

Answer 28

Answer: c) The President’s power of habeas corpus only allows detention under specific circumstances, not arbitrary arrests.

Question 29

7. The Commission on Audit (COA) is primarily responsible for:

a) Investigating criminal offenses committed by government officials.
b) Providing legal advice to government agencies.
c) Setting tax rates and collecting revenue.
d) Auditing the financial transactions of government entities.

Answer 29

Answer: d) The COA plays a crucial role in ensuring accountability and preventing misuse of public funds.

Question 30

8. The power of the government to regulate commerce and economic activity within the country is known as the:

a) Police Power
b) Eminent Domain
c) Taxation Power
d) Commerce Clause

Answer 30

Answer: d) The Commerce Clause empowers the government to regulate trade and economic activities for national benefit.

Question 31

9. Which of the following is NOT a requirement for the President to exercise emergency powers?

a) Congressional authorization by law.
b) Specifying the nature of the emergency.
c) Setting a time limit for the exercise of powers.
d) Acting within specific limitations and restrictions.

Answer 31

Answer: c) There is no constitutional requirement for a time limit on emergency powers, but Congress can set one in their authorization.

Question 32

10. Which of the following statements about the right to information in the Philippines is TRUE?

a) It is an absolute right with no limitations.
b) It only applies to government-held information.
c) It can be restricted to protect national security.
d) It can be enforced through a writ of mandamus.

Answer 32

Answer: c) The right to information is balanced against other interests like national security and can be subject to reasonable restrictions.

Question 33

11. The principle of “pacta sunt servanda” in the context of international treaties means:

a) Treaties should be renegotiated periodically.
b) Treaties are binding agreements between states.
c) Treaties prevail over domestic laws in case of conflict.
d) Treaties can be terminated unilaterally by any party.

Answer 33

Answer: b) “Pacta sunt servanda” translates to “agreements must be kept,” emphasizing the binding natue of