Hypothesis testing and errors key words Flashcards

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1
Q

Null hypothesis definition

A

Predicts there will be no significant difference/relationship between 2 sets of results. States any significant result due to chance factors

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2
Q

Experimental hypothesis definition

A

Predicts there will be a significant difference or relationship between 2 sets of results gathered via controlled conditions in which the investigator has manipulated the variable(s)

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3
Q

Alternative hypothesis definition

A

Predicts that there will be a significanct difference or relationship between 2 sets of results not gathered via controlled conditions in which the investigator has manipulated the variable(s)

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4
Q

Variable definition

A

Something which can differ, or vary, from one situation to another or from one person to another. So factors such as, intelligence, the number of dreams a person has, age, health, and extraversion are all examples

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5
Q

Operationalised definition

A

To make something measurable. For example, if you wanted to test intelligence you would make it measurable by administrating an IQ test and comparing the scores.

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6
Q

Type I error definition

A

Occurs when we reject the null hypothesis when, in fact the results are due to chance. This can happen because of poor exxperimental design, confounding variables, or setting too lax a significance level

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7
Q

Type II error definition

A

Occurs when we accept the null hypothesis when, in fact the results are significant. This can happen because of poor experimental design, faulty sampling, random error or setting too stringent a significance level

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8
Q

1-tailed hypothesis definition

A

Predicts the direction of the difference or relationship between 2 sets of results, therefore it is believed the results will only be in 1 direction or tail of a normal distribution

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9
Q

2-tailed hypothesis definition

A

Predicts a difference but does not predict the direction or relationship between 2 sets of results and allows for the possibility that the difference could be in either direction, this means there is double the probability that the results could occur by chance

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10
Q

Objective definition

A

To test or make judgements free of emotion or personal experience. What scientific methods aim to be

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11
Q

Probability definition

A

Likelihood of event occurring, can be expressed as a % or decimal figure. Calculated by number of particular outcomes/number of possible outcomes

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12
Q

Significance level definition

A

Level of probability set by psychologists that results are due to experiment, not chance factors. Accepted level = 0.05

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