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physio > hypothalmus and pituitary > Flashcards

hypothalmus and pituitary Flashcards

1
Q

what system is the hypothalamus a part of and what does it act as an interface to?

A

is a part of the CNS and acta as an interface between the brain and endocrine system

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2
Q

what gland do the hypothalmus control

A

controls the pituitary

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3
Q

what type of tissues is the pituitary composed of and why

A

distinct neural and endocrine tissue bc it recieves both neural and endocrine signals from the hypothalmus

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4
Q

what are the 3 modes of hypothalmic control over the endocrine system

A

1) hypothalmic neurons secrete regulatory hormones that control the release of a 2nd hormone from the anterior pituitary
2) hypothalmic neurons release hormones directly into the blood via the posterior pituitary ( ADH and oxytocin)
3) hypothalmus exerts direct neural control over the endocrine cells of the adrenal medulla (secretion of epinephrine and nor epinephrine)

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5
Q

what do pituitary hormones directly regulate

A

metabolic rate, body growth, water balance, lactation

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6
Q

what other glands do pituitary hormones regulate

A
  • thyroid
  • adrenal
  • repro glands
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7
Q

what is considered the master gland and why

A
  • the hypothalmus and pituitary system functions as a master gland
  • bc they release hormones that regulate the output of several other endocrine glands
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8
Q

how does the the hypothalmus/ pituitary affect peripheral tissues
- give an example

A
  • directly affect other tissues
  • ex) prolactin in regulation of milk production
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9
Q

2 parts of the pituitary

A
  • posterior pituitary (neurohypophysis)
  • anterior pituitary ( adenohypophysis)
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10
Q

what is the origin of the posterior pituitary and how is it in communication with the hypothalmus

A

it is of neuralectoderm origin and has axons that project from the hypothalmus to nerve terminals that release hormones into the blood

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11
Q

what is the origin of the anterior pituitary and how is the anterior pituitary in communication with the hypothalmus

A

-oral ectoderm origin
-contains endocrine cells regulated indirectly by neuroendocrine signals from the hypothalamus that are released in the median eminence

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12
Q

how do the regulatory hormones from the hypothalmus get to the anterior pituitary

A
  • axons from the hypothalamus terminate in the neurovascular region, the median eminence, where they secrete regulatory hormones into local circulation and deliver it to the anterior pituitary.
  • 2ndary hormones are then released from the anterior pituitary to the blood
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13
Q

what is the function of the posterior pituitary and where are hormones stored and released

A
  • store hormones produced by the hypothalamus at nerve terminals and released into a separate blood supply then the posterior pituitary
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14
Q

what are the types of hormones that are released by the hypothalamus to the anterior pituitary and how are they transported there

A

releasing and inhibitory hormones are secreted in the median eminence and pass-through the portal vein to the anterior pituitary

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15
Q

2 major neurohormones stored in the posterior pituitary and their role

A

vasopressin (adh) regulate body fluid by increases water retention in the kidney

oxytocin- stimulate the release of milk from the mammary gland and stimulate the contraction of the uterus

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16
Q

what are the 2 modes in which increased osmolality in the ECF can be decreased

A
  • increased thirst» increase water intake&raquo_space; dilutes ECF = decreased osmolality
  • increased vasopressin > water retention > dilutes ECF = increased osmolality
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17
Q

what is the role of vasopressin

A

maintains osmolality of ECF

18
Q

3 ways oxytocin is stimulated to be released by the posterior pituitary

A
  • suckling stimulates release via afferent neurons which then causes milk secretion
  • in pregencancy, stimulated by uterine contractions and distention of the cervix to enhance contractions
  • important in social behavior and increases maternal bonding
19
Q

what affect do releasing hormones have on the anterior pituitary

A

act on the PM receptors of specific pituitary endocrine cells to stimulate exocytosis and synthesis of hormones

20
Q

what is the affect of inhibiting hormones on the anterior pituitary

A

reduce secretion and synthesis of pituitary hormones at their target cells

21
Q

what are the target cells of TRH , what pituitary hormone is released, what is the affect(2)

A

thyrotroph, thryropin (TSH) released, increased thyroid hormone secretion and enlarges thyroid gland

mamotroph, increases prolactin

22
Q

what is the target cell of GnRH, what pituitary hormone is released, what is the affect

A
  • gonadotroph, LH and FSH,
  • LH = ovulation and testosterone secretion in males
  • FSH = ovarian follicle growth and estrogen secretion in females and spermatogenesis in males
23
Q

what is the target cell of corticotropin releasing hormone (CRH), what pituitary hormone is released and what is the affect

A

corticotroph, adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH), hormone secretion and cell growth in the adrenal cortex

24
Q

what is the target cell of growth hormone releasing hormone ( GHRH), what pituitary hormone is released, what is the affect

A

somatotroph, increases growth hormone (somatotropin), causes body growth

25
Q

what is the target cell of somatostatin ( growth hormone inhibiting hormone), what pituitary hormone is released and what is the affect(2)

A
  • somatotroph, decresases GH (somatotropin)
  • Thyrotroph, decreases thyroptropin (TSH)
26
Q

what is the target cell of prolactin inhibiting factor (PIF,DOPAMINE), what pituitary hormone is affected, what are the affects

A

mamotroph, decreases prolactin, milk secretion

27
Q

how is the pituitary gland regulated

A

via negative feedback by peripheral hormones on the pituitary and hypothalamus

28
Q

what type of hormone is GH and what cells is it secreteted by

A

is a polypeptide hormone secreted by somatotrophs cells in the anterior pituitary

29
Q

what are the roles of GH

A

development in children and regulating metabolism in children and adults

30
Q

what is GHregulated by

A

regulated by GHRH ( somatotropin)and inhinitory GHIH (somatostatin)

30
Q

what does the GH stimulate the secretion of in the liver what is its function

A

somatomedian (IGF) exerts negactive feedback on GH by inhibiting GHRH and enhancing GHIH

31
Q

how does GH indirectly act on tissues

A

via secondary hormones ( somatomedins also knows as insulin like growth factors, IGF-1 and IGF-2)

32
Q

what do somatomedins (IGFs)do to tissues

A

stimulate anabolic response to bone, muscle , and other organs to increase protein synthesis and increase growth

33
Q

how is GH diabetogenic

A
  • oppose actions of insulin by inhibiting glucose uptake and enhances lipolysis( decreases adiposity)
34
Q

major difference btwn Gh and somatomedian

A

Gh decreases glucose uptake and somatomedin increases it

35
Q

what are the 3 hormones important for growth

A

-GH importnat throughout growth
- thyroid hormone important in early growth
- androgens and estrogen important during puberty

36
Q

what is the result of too much and too little GH

A
  • gigantism and pituitary dwarfism
37
Q

what is acromegaly
-cause
- sympotoms
- treatment
- what other disease may occur

A
  • caused by hypersectrtion of GH from a pituitary somatotroph tumor
  • causes widening bones, accumulation of soft tissue, thickening skin, large hands nad feet, large jaw
  • diabetes may occur
  • treated by surgery or somatostatin
38
Q

affects of prolactin when do levels increase

A

stimulate breast development and milk production
increase during pregnancy and nursing

39
Q

how is PRL regulated

A

regulated by dopamine (PIF) and negative feedback on the hypothalamus by dopmaine release

40
Q

what does high estrogen do to prolactin

A

increases ints production by directly acting on mamotrophs in the anterior pituitary

41
Q
A

physio (5 decks)

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