Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

physio > endocrine principles > Flashcards

endocrine principles Flashcards

1
Q

what type of glands does the endocrine system contain and what do they secrete and to where

A

composed of ductless endorcrine glands that secrete chemical messengers into the blood

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

what are the chemical messngers that endocrine glands secrete called and what do they affect? are they close or far?

A

hormones that affect other cells and organs at distant sites

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

what else can secrete hormones into the blood? what is this called?

A

cells can secrete hormones giving them a secondary endocrine function

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

what are neuroendocrine/ neurocrine signals

A

nerve terminals that secrete hormones directly into the bloos

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

synaptic signaling vs endocrine signaling

  • what is it, specificity, fast or slow??
A

synaptic - direct signaling between individual cells&raquo_space; highly specific and fast

endocrine- broadcast communication where a small number of cells control the function of many others > specificity controlled by receptor&raquo_space; slow

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

paracrine signaling
autocrine signaling
synaptic signaling
juxtacrine signaling

A
  • to nearby cells
  • to same cel
  • to postsynaptic cell
  • to adjacent cell
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

what are the 4 steps of endocrine signaling

A

1) extracellular chemical messengers = hormones
2) cell surface or intracellular receptors
3) signal transduction
4) chg cell function via altering gene expression or rapidly altering protein function

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

how many cells or tissues can endocrine signaling affect

examples

A

multiple
- heart : increase hr, contraction and relazation rate
- circultion: vasonconstriction or vasodilation
liver: invrease glucose realse to blood
etc

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

what catecholamines are released from the adrenal medulla and what is the response (4)

A

-epinephrine/norepinephrine
-sympatheitc/ fight or flight response
> mobilize glucose reserves
> chg circulation
> increase HR and respitory rate
> increase energy used by all cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

what type of receptors do epinephrine and norepinephrine bind to, what are they, and what is the response

A
  • they have affinity to the same types of receptor
    they bind to GPCRs: alpha 1 & 2, and beta adrenergic receptors
  • once bound couple to distinct intracellular signal transduction pathways
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

what g- proteins do do alpha 1, alpha 2, and beta receptors associate with when enpinephrine and norepinephrine are bound and what is the response

A

alpha 1 > associates with Gq and increases vascular conraction and metabolic activation
alpha 2 - couples with the Gi protein > inhibits neurotransmitter release and plays a role in vascular contraction
beta receptor > couples with Gs and increases heart contraction, vascular relaxation and metabolic activation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

which receptors can be activated by many types of hormone what are they?

A

adrenergic receptros respond to both enpinephrine and norepinephrine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

which hormones bind more than one type of receptor and what are they

A

catecholamines ( epinephrine and norepinephrine) bind many GPCRS specificaly alpha 1 and 2 and beta adrenergic receptors

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

when there are multiple receptors for the same hormone they are coupled to _____ intracellular signaling pathways

A

distinct

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

what reactions are the alpha 1 and 2 and beta receptors coupled with

A
  • alpha 1 couples with ip3 formation and Ca mobilization
  • alpha 2 couples with inhibition of cAMP
    -beta couples with cAMP formation
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

how many recpetor types does ach have and what are they

A

multiple - nicotinic and muscarining

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

what happens when ach binds to nicotinic skeletal muscle receptor

A

nicotinic muscle receptor - muscle contraction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

what happens when ach binds to ach muscarinic receptor on the heart and salivary gland

A

heart > decrease rate and force of contraction

salicary gland > increases secretion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

what does the hypothalmus ( neurocrine) control

A

controls pituitary endocrine secretions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

what does the pituitary control

A

controls other endocrine glands and has direct effects on peripheral tissues

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

what does the pineal gland control

A

controls ciracdian rythm

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

what does the thyroid gland control

A

metabolic rate and growth

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

what does the parathyroid gland control

A

regulates calcium and phosphorus homeostasis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

what does the adrenal cortex and medulla regulate

A

metabolism, mineral balance and stress response

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
what does the pancreatic islet of langerhan regualte
metabolism and energy balance
26
what do the ovaries and testes control
maturation and development, sexual function, and pregnancy
27
what is the secondary endocrine function of adipose tissue
regulates leptin = hunger
28
what are the 4 major classes of hormones and what are examples
* Peptides eg. vasopressin (ADH), insulin * Steroids eg. estrogen, cortisol * Thyroid hormones eg. Thyroxine (T4 ) * Catecholamines and other biogenic amines eg. epinephrine, dopamine, acetyl choline, histamine
29
how are peptides synthesized and secreted - where are they stored
- encoded by specific genes and synthesized using protein synthesis - undergo post translational modification and follow a secretory protein pathway. - stored in granuels
30
how are catecholamines and biogenic amines synthesized stored and released?
synthesized from various amino acids and other small molecule biochemical precursors - stored insecretory granurls and released when needed
31
how are sterioids synthesized and released
synthesized through a series of enzyme steps from cholesterol. - lipophylic and released directly from cells when synthesized ( not stored)
32
how are thyroid hormones synthesized, stored and released
- synthesized from tyrosine residues of a protein precursosr in a colloidal form in the thyroid glans - release occurs by proteolysis of the precursor
33
via what structure are peptide hormones, catecholamines and neurotransmitters secreted
secretory granueles
34
what is the mechanism of hormone release from secretory granueles
1) secretion is inititated by a extrernal stimulus = increase Ca and Camp 2) secretory granueles translocate to the PM 3) secretory granueles fuse with the PM 4) fusion releases content from vescicle into the extracellular space
35
where are sterioid, thyroid and retonoic acid hormones dervied from
sterioid > cholesterol thyroxine > tyrosine containing protein retonoic acid > vitamin A
36
how do catecholamines and peptide hormones interact with water what does this mean when secreted into the blood
water soluble can travel through blood stream freely
37
how do steroid and thyroid hormones interact with water how does this affect their means of transport throuhg the blood
lipophylic travel through the blood via binding proteins
38
what do specific binding globulins bind to and what do they do
bind to the thyroid hormone and carry them in blood
39
what does non specific albumin do
present in larger amount ans carry significant quantities of lipholphylic hormones
40
what do plasma binding proteins affect
affect available free hormone concentration, and degradation
41
what are the three functions of plasma binding proteins
- enhances distribution otherwise lipophilic hormones would accumulate in fat and cell membranes - provides a resovoir of avaible hormone in the blood and limits rapid fluctuations - protects the hormone from degredation and excretion = increases half life
42
what is the definition of the the half life of a hormone
how long it takes for the hormone to decay to 50%
43
how do half life and horomone production relate
- the shorter the half life the quicker the turn over and increased production - the longer the half life the longer it takes for the hormone to turn on and increase
44
what is half life of a hormone determined by
its rate of elimination
45
how are hormones eliminated
- reuptake by secretory cell - internalization of receptor coupled hormone by target celll - metabolic degrdation - excretion in urine
46
what is the response time and degredation of catecholamines, peptide hormones and steriod/thyroid hormones
catechol - response occurs in seconds or less > half time = 1-3 min pep hormones - response occurs in seconds to minutes > half time = 2 min - several hrs steriod/ thyroid hormones - response in hours to days > half life 30 min to hours to days
47
know this table
48
what determines which cells respond to a hormone
receptors
49
what does the affinity and number of hormone receptors determine
the magnitude of the cellular response to a given dose of hormone
50
hormone dose response curve: what is maximal response
largest affect obtained with a saturating hormone dose
51
hormone dose response curve: how is sensitivity measuered
measured as the hormone dose giving a half maximal response
52
hormone dose response curve: what is threshhold
dosage for the minimum response
53
how can hormone resposes be modulated
decreasesing max response and decreasing sensitivity
54
how can you decrease hormone responsiveness (2)
by receptor down regulation by receptor internalization or degradation - decreasing activity of intracellular signaling pathway
55
how can you decrease hormone sensitivity(2)
- change receptor affinity for binding hormone or receptor downregulation
56
what are receptor down regulation and desensitization induced by
prlonged exposure to hormone
57
how can number and affinitey to hormone receptors be modulated(3)
- receptor internalization - receptor degredation - receptor phosphorylation
58
positive vs neg feedback
positive - activattes which further activates neg- activavates then inhibits
59
what are the surpession and stimulation neg feedback loops
surpression - An increase in hormone secretion stimulates a greater output of product from the target cell, the product feeds back on the gland to suppress further hormone secretion. In thisway, hormone excess is limited or prevented stimulate- A decrease in product relieves the inhibition of hormone secretion, the hormone stimulates more output of product by the target cell. In this way, product deficiency is limited or corrected.
60
how is glucagon an example of neg feedback
For example: Glucagon increases plasma glucose, which in turn inhibits glucagon secretion by negative feedback. When glucose falls, negative feedback is released and glucagon secretion rises
61

physio (5 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions