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endocrine principles Flashcards

1
Q

what type of glands does the endocrine system contain and what do they secrete and to where

A

composed of ductless endorcrine glands that secrete chemical messengers into the blood

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2
Q

what are the chemical messngers that endocrine glands secrete called and what do they affect? are they close or far?

A

hormones that affect other cells and organs at distant sites

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3
Q

what else can secrete hormones into the blood? what is this called?

A

cells can secrete hormones giving them a secondary endocrine function

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4
Q

what are neuroendocrine/ neurocrine signals

A

nerve terminals that secrete hormones directly into the bloos

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5
Q

synaptic signaling vs endocrine signaling

  • what is it, specificity, fast or slow??
A

synaptic - direct signaling between individual cells&raquo_space; highly specific and fast

endocrine- broadcast communication where a small number of cells control the function of many others > specificity controlled by receptor&raquo_space; slow

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6
Q

paracrine signaling
autocrine signaling
synaptic signaling
juxtacrine signaling

A
  • to nearby cells
  • to same cel
  • to postsynaptic cell
  • to adjacent cell
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7
Q

what are the 4 steps of endocrine signaling

A

1) extracellular chemical messengers = hormones
2) cell surface or intracellular receptors
3) signal transduction
4) chg cell function via altering gene expression or rapidly altering protein function

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8
Q

how many cells or tissues can endocrine signaling affect

examples

A

multiple
- heart : increase hr, contraction and relazation rate
- circultion: vasonconstriction or vasodilation
liver: invrease glucose realse to blood
etc

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9
Q

what catecholamines are released from the adrenal medulla and what is the response (4)

A

-epinephrine/norepinephrine
-sympatheitc/ fight or flight response
> mobilize glucose reserves
> chg circulation
> increase HR and respitory rate
> increase energy used by all cells

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10
Q

what type of receptors do epinephrine and norepinephrine bind to, what are they, and what is the response

A
  • they have affinity to the same types of receptor
    they bind to GPCRs: alpha 1 & 2, and beta adrenergic receptors
  • once bound couple to distinct intracellular signal transduction pathways
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11
Q

what g- proteins do do alpha 1, alpha 2, and beta receptors associate with when enpinephrine and norepinephrine are bound and what is the response

A

alpha 1 > associates with Gq and increases vascular conraction and metabolic activation
alpha 2 - couples with the Gi protein > inhibits neurotransmitter release and plays a role in vascular contraction
beta receptor > couples with Gs and increases heart contraction, vascular relaxation and metabolic activation

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12
Q

which receptors can be activated by many types of hormone what are they?

A

adrenergic receptros respond to both enpinephrine and norepinephrine

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13
Q

which hormones bind more than one type of receptor and what are they

A

catecholamines ( epinephrine and norepinephrine) bind many GPCRS specificaly alpha 1 and 2 and beta adrenergic receptors

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14
Q

when there are multiple receptors for the same hormone they are coupled to _____ intracellular signaling pathways

A

distinct

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15
Q

what reactions are the alpha 1 and 2 and beta receptors coupled with

A
  • alpha 1 couples with ip3 formation and Ca mobilization
  • alpha 2 couples with inhibition of cAMP
    -beta couples with cAMP formation
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16
Q

how many recpetor types does ach have and what are they

A

multiple - nicotinic and muscarining

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17
Q

what happens when ach binds to nicotinic skeletal muscle receptor

A

nicotinic muscle receptor - muscle contraction

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18
Q

what happens when ach binds to ach muscarinic receptor on the heart and salivary gland

A

heart > decrease rate and force of contraction

salicary gland > increases secretion

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19
Q

what does the hypothalmus ( neurocrine) control

A

controls pituitary endocrine secretions

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20
Q

what does the pituitary control

A

controls other endocrine glands and has direct effects on peripheral tissues

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21
Q

what does the pineal gland control

A

controls ciracdian rythm

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22
Q

what does the thyroid gland control

A

metabolic rate and growth

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23
Q

what does the parathyroid gland control

A

regulates calcium and phosphorus homeostasis

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24
Q

what does the adrenal cortex and medulla regulate

A

metabolism, mineral balance and stress response

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25
Q

what does the pancreatic islet of langerhan regualte

A

metabolism and energy balance

26
Q

what do the ovaries and testes control

A

maturation and development, sexual function, and pregnancy

27
Q

what is the secondary endocrine function of adipose tissue

A

regulates leptin = hunger

28
Q

what are the 4 major classes of hormones and what are examples

A
  • Peptides
    eg. vasopressin (ADH), insulin
  • Steroids
    eg. estrogen, cortisol
  • Thyroid hormones
    eg. Thyroxine (T4 )
  • Catecholamines and other biogenic amines
    eg. epinephrine, dopamine, acetyl choline, histamine
29
Q

how are peptides synthesized and secreted
- where are they stored

A
  • encoded by specific genes and synthesized using protein synthesis
  • undergo post translational modification and follow a secretory protein pathway.
  • stored in granuels
30
Q

how are catecholamines and biogenic amines synthesized stored and released?

A

synthesized from various amino acids and other small molecule biochemical precursors

  • stored insecretory granurls and released when needed
31
Q

how are sterioids synthesized and released

A

synthesized through a series of enzyme steps from cholesterol.

  • lipophylic and released directly from cells when synthesized ( not stored)
32
Q

how are thyroid hormones synthesized, stored and released

A
  • synthesized from tyrosine residues of a protein precursosr in a colloidal form in the thyroid glans
  • release occurs by proteolysis of the precursor
33
Q

via what structure are peptide hormones, catecholamines and neurotransmitters secreted

A

secretory granueles

34
Q

what is the mechanism of hormone release from secretory granueles

A

1) secretion is inititated by a extrernal stimulus = increase Ca and Camp
2) secretory granueles translocate to the PM
3) secretory granueles fuse with the PM
4) fusion releases content from vescicle into the extracellular space

35
Q

where are sterioid, thyroid and retonoic acid hormones dervied from

A

sterioid > cholesterol
thyroxine > tyrosine containing protein
retonoic acid > vitamin A

36
Q

how do catecholamines and peptide hormones interact with water what does this mean when secreted into the blood

A

water soluble can travel through blood stream freely

37
Q

how do steroid and thyroid hormones interact with water how does this affect their means of transport throuhg the blood

A

lipophylic travel through the blood via binding proteins

38
Q

what do specific binding globulins bind to and what do they do

A

bind to the thyroid hormone and carry them in blood

39
Q

what does non specific albumin do

A

present in larger amount ans carry significant quantities of lipholphylic hormones

40
Q

what do plasma binding proteins affect

A

affect available free hormone concentration, and degradation

41
Q

what are the three functions of plasma binding proteins

A
  • enhances distribution otherwise lipophilic hormones would accumulate in fat and cell membranes
  • provides a resovoir of avaible hormone in the blood and limits rapid fluctuations
  • protects the hormone from degredation and excretion = increases half life
42
Q

what is the definition of the the half life of a hormone

A

how long it takes for the hormone to decay to 50%

43
Q

how do half life and horomone production relate

A
  • the shorter the half life the quicker the turn over and increased production
  • the longer the half life the longer it takes for the hormone to turn on and increase
44
Q

what is half life of a hormone determined by

A

its rate of elimination

45
Q

how are hormones eliminated

A
  • reuptake by secretory cell
  • internalization of receptor coupled hormone by target celll
  • metabolic degrdation
  • excretion in urine
46
Q

what is the response time and degredation of catecholamines, peptide hormones and steriod/thyroid hormones

A

catechol - response occurs in seconds or less > half time = 1-3 min

pep hormones - response occurs in seconds to minutes > half time = 2 min - several hrs

steriod/ thyroid hormones - response in hours to days > half life 30 min to hours to days

47
Q

know this table

A
48
Q

what determines which cells respond to a hormone

A

receptors

49
Q

what does the affinity and number of hormone receptors determine

A

the magnitude of the cellular response to a given dose of hormone

50
Q

hormone dose response curve:
what is maximal response

A

largest affect obtained with a saturating hormone dose

51
Q

hormone dose response curve:
how is sensitivity measuered

A

measured as the hormone dose giving a half maximal response

52
Q

hormone dose response curve:
what is threshhold

A

dosage for the minimum response

53
Q

how can hormone resposes be modulated

A

decreasesing max response and decreasing sensitivity

54
Q

how can you decrease hormone responsiveness (2)

A

by receptor down regulation by receptor internalization or degradation

  • decreasing activity of intracellular signaling pathway
55
Q

how can you decrease hormone sensitivity(2)

A
  • change receptor affinity for binding hormone or receptor downregulation
56
Q

what are receptor down regulation and desensitization induced by

A

prlonged exposure to hormone

57
Q

how can number and affinitey to hormone receptors be modulated(3)

A
  • receptor internalization
  • receptor degredation
  • receptor phosphorylation
58
Q

positive vs neg feedback

A

positive - activattes which further activates

neg- activavates then inhibits

59
Q

what are the surpession and stimulation neg feedback loops

A

surpression - An increase in hormone secretion stimulates a greater output of product from the target
cell, the product feeds back on the gland to suppress further hormone secretion. In thisway, hormone excess is limited or prevented

stimulate- A decrease in product relieves the inhibition of hormone secretion, the hormone
stimulates more output of product by the target cell. In this way, product deficiency is
limited or corrected.

60
Q

how is glucagon an example of neg feedback

A

For example: Glucagon increases plasma glucose, which in turn inhibits glucagon secretion by
negative feedback. When glucose falls, negative feedback is released and glucagon secretion rises

61
Q
A

physio (5 decks)

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