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NHN > Hypothalamus/Thalamus > Flashcards

Hypothalamus/Thalamus Flashcards

1
Q

What region is the supraoptic nucleus found in?

A

Supraoptic region of the hypothalamus

More lateral - just above the optic chiasm

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2
Q

What is the role of the supraoptic nucleus?

A

Releases: oxytocin, ADH

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3
Q

Where is the suprachiasmatic nucleus found?

A

Supraoptic region of the hypothalamus

More medial, just above the optic chiasm

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4
Q

What are the input pathways to the suprachiasmatic nucleus?

A

Melanopsin containing ganglion cells in retina –> SCN

This is a different cell population than the rods and cones

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5
Q

Describe the outflow pathway from the suprachiasmatic nucleus and the physiolocial role this plays.

A

SCN –> paraventricular nucleus (inhibitory)

PVN –> lateral cell column (excitatory) –> superior cervical ganglion –> pineal gland (releases melatonin)

Light stimulation of the SCN inhibits the sympathetic pathway that stimulates melatonin secretion (i.e. light inhibits melatonin production)

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6
Q

Where is the paraventricular nucleus found?

A

In the supraoptic region of the hypothalamus

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7
Q

What do paraventricular nucleus cells secrete and what are its physiological roles?

A

Secretes oxytocin and ADH

Also secretes CRH to the adenohypophysis, ultimately leading to cortisol release from the adrenal glands

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8
Q

What are the three nuclei of the tuberal region of the hypothalamus?

A

Arcuate

Ventromedial

Lateral area (parvocellular region)

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9
Q

What are the three nuclei of the supraoptic region of the hypothalamus?

A

Paraventricular

Supraoptic

Suprachiasmatic

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10
Q

What two nuclei make up the magnocellular region of the tuberal region of the hypothalamus?

A

Medial portion of the tuberal region:

Arcuate nucleus

Ventromedial nucleus

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11
Q

What does the arcuate nucleus do?

A

Releases releasing hormones into the portal system:

TRH

CRH

GnRH

GHRH

Somatostatin

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12
Q

What does the ventromedial nucleus of the hypothalamus do?

A

“Satiety center”

Stimulation –> satiety; lesion –> hyperphagia, hypothalamic rage

Site of action of leptin (leptin increases satiety)

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13
Q

What is the function of the parvocellular region of the hypothalamus (lateral tuberal region)?

A

Receive inputs from ventral striatum (dopaminergic reward pathway)

“Feeding center”

Stimulation –> hyperphagia; lesion –> aphagia

Secretes orexin (only place in brain that makes orexin)

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14
Q

What are some functions of orexin and where is it synthesized

A

synthesized in the parvocellular region of the hypothalamus

Excitatory neurotransmitter

Increases body temp, locomotion, respiration

Promotes wakefulness, increases appetite

Manages the sleep/wake transition

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15
Q

What two areas of the brain balance each other to establish a set-point for body weight?

A

ventromedial nucleus and lateral hypothalamic area (VMN and LHA)

[both in the tuberal region of the hypothalamus]

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16
Q

What is the role of the mamillary bodies and what would a lesion here cause?

A

Part of the limbic system

Project to the hippocampus, important for consolidation of memory

Lesion: korsakoffs psychosis (temporal encoding deficits - sequence/timeline errors [confabulation])

17
Q

What is the role of the posterior hypothalamus and what would a lesion here produce?

A

Responsible for controlling heat production

Lesion –> hypothermia

18
Q

What is the function of the anterior hypothalamic area and what would a lesion here cause?

A

responsible for heat dissipation using descending autonomics

“thermostat of the body”

Lesion would cause hyperthermia and wild body temperature swings

19
Q

What are the inputs and outputs of the Medial Geniculate Body of the thalamus and what would a lesion here cause?

A

Inputs: inferior colliculus (bilateral auditory information)

Outputs: Areas 41, 42, transverse gyri, amygdala

Lesion: subtle auditory deficits

20
Q

What are the inputs and outputs of the Lateral Geniculate Body of the thalamus and what would a lesion here cause?

A

Inputs: retinal ganglion cells from contralateral visual hemifield

Outputs: Area 17, Amygdala

Lesion: contralateral homonymous hemianopsia

21
Q

What are the inputs and outputs of the VPM nucleus of the thalamus and what would a lesion here cause?

A

Inputs: TTT carries pain/temp/touch from contra face, STT carries taste

Outputs: primary somatosensory cortex, insula

Lesion: at first, contra paresthesia followed by thalamic pain syndrome

Note: somatotopy present

22
Q

What are the inputs and outputs of the VA/VL nuclei of the thalamus and what would a lesion here cause?

A

General somatomotor

Inputs: cerebellum (limb position), basal ganglia (movement sequence) both via the thalamic fasciculus

Outputs: motor-related cortical areas (primary motor, premotor, primary somsens)

Lesion: contra hemiataxia, choreiform movements

[in section, this is everything lateral to the anterior tubercle)

23
Q

What are the inputs and outputs of the Mediodorsal nucleus of the thalamus?

A

Inputs: olfactory cortex, ALS (pain - emotional perception of pain), association cortices

Outputs: insula, PFC

24
Q

What are the functions, inputs, and outputs of the Pulvinar/lateral posterior nucleus of the thalamus?

A

Functions: Visual responsiveness, attentiveness, orientation

Inputs: superior colliculus, pretectum, retina, somsens association cortex

Outputs: visual association cortex

Right pulvinar sees both visual fields, left sees only the right (can lead to spatial neglet with right side lesion)

25
Q

What are the functions, inputs, and outputs of the Anterior nucleus of the thalamus?

A

Functions: memory, emotion, motivation

Inputs: mammillary bodies, hippocampus

Outputs: cingulate gyrus

26
Q

What are the functions, inputs, and outputs of the Centromedian nucleus of the thalamus?

A

Functions: arousal, sleep-wake cycles (mute button - disconnects brain and body during sleep)

Inputs: basal ganglia, substantia nigra, reticular formation, somsen/motor inputs

Outputs: widespread, nonspecific cortex

27
Q

What are the three symptoms of thalamic pain syndrome?

A

Allodynia: exaggerated response to non-noxious stimuli

Hyperalgesia: exaggerated response to normally noxious stimuli

Hyperpathia: explosive cutaneous pain

Resistant to opiod analgesics

28
Q

Name the basic function of each of these thalamic nuclei:

  • Medial Geniculate body
  • Lateral geniculate body
  • VPM
  • VPL
  • VA/VL
  • MD
  • Pulvinar/Lateral Posterior
  • Anterior/Lateral Dorsal
  • Centromedian
A
  • MGB: auditory
  • LGB: visual
  • VPM: sensation of face (pain, temp, touch)
  • VPL: sensation of body (pain, temp, touch)
  • VA/VL: motor (coordination - BG & cerebellar inputs to motor cortex)
  • MD: olfaction, emotional perception of pain
  • Pulvinar/LP: visual responsiveness
  • Anterior/LD: memory, emotional tone
  • CM: sleep/wake cycles
29
Q
A

NHN (4 decks)

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