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endocrine system 1 > Hypothalamus and the Pituitary > Flashcards

Hypothalamus and the Pituitary Flashcards

1
Q

What are the principal organisers to the endocrine system?

A

Hypothalamus and pituitary

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2
Q

Where is the hypothalamus?

A

-Located at the base of the brain, below the thalamus

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3
Q

Where is the pituitary gland?

A

Located in a pocket in the sphenoid bone, directly below the hypothalamus

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4
Q

What type of communication exists between the hypothalamus and pituitary?

A

neuroendocrine

  • neural to the posterior pituitary
  • endocrine to the anterior pituitary
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5
Q

What is the pituitary stalk called?

A

Infundibulum

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6
Q

What is the pituitary gland?

A

Bean-shaped and bean-sized endocrine gland (~14mm diameter)

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7
Q

What are the 2 distinct types of tissue of the pituitary?

A
  • anterior pituitary: endocrine tissue

- posterior pituitary: neural tissue

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8
Q

What is the hypothalamus?

A

Integration centre for endocrine systems

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9
Q

What inputs does the hypothalamus receive?

A
  • Cold
  • Stress
  • Metabolic demand
  • Hydration status
  • Exercise
  • Day/night
  • Menstrual cycle
  • Sleep
  • Breastfeeding
  • Pregnancy
  • Puberty
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10
Q

What is the pituitary involved in regulating?

A
  • Adrenal function
  • Thyroid function
  • Gonadal function
  • Lactation
  • Parturition
  • Growth
  • Water balance
  • Metabolism
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11
Q

What do the hypothalamus and anterior pituitary release?

A

tropic and non-tropic hormones

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12
Q

The hormones released by the hypothalamus are all….

A

Neurohormones

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13
Q

The hormones released by the posterior pituitary are all…

A

Neurohormones (from the hypothalamus)

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14
Q

The hormones released by the anterior pituitary are all…

A

Classic endocrine hormones

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15
Q

What are the 2 forms of hypothalamic neurohormones?

A
  • Tropic

- Non-tropic

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16
Q

Tropic neurohormones

A

Neurohormones secreted into capillaries travelling to anterior pituitary. Govern release of anterior pituitary hormones

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17
Q

describe nootropic neurohormones

A

produced in the hypothalamus and travel to posterior pituitary (via axons of hypothalamic neurons) where they are released into blood

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18
Q

What do all hypothalamic tropic hormones bind to?

A

Receptors on anterior pituitary and stimulate/inhibit release of AP hormones

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19
Q

Name 5 hypothalamic ‘releasing hormones’.

A
  • Thyrotropin Releasing Hormone (TRH)
  • Corticotropin Releasing Hormone (CRH)
  • Growth Hormone Releasing Hormone (GHRH)
  • Gonadotropin Releasing Hormone (GnRH)
  • Prolactin Releasing Hormone (PRH
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20
Q

Name 2 hypothalamic ‘inhibiting hormones’

A
  1. somatostatin: growth hormone inhibiting hormone (GHIH)

2. dopamine: prolactin inhibiting hormone (PIH)

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21
Q

What is the only hypothalamic tropic hormone which isn’t a peptide?

A

Dopamine

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22
Q

What is the hypothalamo-hypophyseal portal system?

A

Network of tiny vessels which transfer tropic hormones from hypothalamus to anterior pituitary

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23
Q

What is sufficient for control of the hypothalmo-hypophyseal portal system?

A

Small numbers of neurosecretory neurons sufficient for control

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24
Q

Where are hormones released from in the hypothalamo-hypophyseal portal system?

A

neurosecretory neurons at the median eminence

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25
Q

What are the benefits of the hypothalamo-hypophyseal portal system?

A
  • Short distance

- Very rapid and dynamic

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26
Q

What type of tissue is the anterior pituitary?

A

True endocrine tissue

27
Q

What type of tissue is the posterior pituitary?

A

Neuroendocrine tissue

28
Q

What is the origin of the anterior pituitary?

A

Epithelial origin

29
Q

What is the origin of the posterior pituitary?

A

Neural tissue origin

30
Q

How is the anterior pituitary connected to the hypothalamus?

A

Connected to hypothalamus via capillary portal system

31
Q

How is the posterior pituitary connected to the hypothalamus?

A

Neural connection

32
Q

What is the anterior pituitary also known as?

A

Adenohypophysis

33
Q

What is the posterior pituitary also known as?

A

Neurohypophysis

34
Q

How is the pituitary gland split into the posterior and anterior aspects?

A
  • Anterior 2/3rds

- Posterior 1/3rd

35
Q

What controls the production of anterior pituitary hormones?

A

Hypothalamus

36
Q

How does the hypothalamus control the production of anterior pituitary hormones?

A

by producing “releasing” or “inhibiting” tropic hormones that stimulate or inhibit hormone production from the anterior pituitary

37
Q

How many hormones are released from the anterior pituitary?

A
  • 6 hormones released
  • All are peptides
  • 5 are tropic hormones
38
Q

Name the 6 hormones released by the anterior pituitary.

A
  • Thyroid Stimulating Hormone (TSH) aka thyrotropin
  • Adrenocorticotropic Hormone (ACTH) aka corticotropin
  • Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH) aka gonadotropin
  • Luteinising Hormone (LH) aka gonadotropin
  • Growth Hormone (GH)
  • Prolactin
39
Q

What does prolactin directly stimulate?

A

Milk production for the breast during lactation

40
Q

What are the trophic hormones released by the anterior pituitary?

A
  • thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) aka thyrotropin
  • adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) aka corticotropin
  • follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) aka gonadotropins
  • lutenising hormone (LH)
  • growth hormone (GH)
  • prolactin
41
Q

What does prolactin act on and stimulate?

A

Breast to stimulate lactation (direct)

42
Q

What does GH act on and stimulate

A
  • Liver to stimulate IGF-1 release (trophic)

- MSK system to stimulate tissue metabolism (direct)

43
Q

What does TSH act on and stimulate?

A

Thyroid to stimulate TH release (trophic)

44
Q

What does ACTH act on and stimulate?

A

Adrenal cortex to stimulate cortisol release (trophic)

45
Q

What do LH and FSH act on and stimulate?

A

Gonads to stimulate regulation of reproductive function (direct) and sex hormone release (trophic)

46
Q

What are the 3 integration centres in anterior pituitary feedback control?

A
  • hypothalamus
  • anterior pituitary
  • target endocrine cell
47
Q

What act as negative feedback signals?

A

Hormones

48
Q

Where does feedback come from in long-loop feedback?

A

Endocrine target

49
Q

Where does feedback come from in short-loop feedback?

A

Anterior pituitary

50
Q

How does negative feedback loops keep hormones within limits?

A

Links levels of sequential hormones together and tightly maintains plasma levels within the correct range

51
Q

What are the 2 peptide neurohormones which the posterior pituitary stores and releases?

A
  • Vasopressin (aka anti-diuretic hormone; ADH)

- Oxytocin

52
Q

Where are vasopressin and oxytocin synthesised?

A

Magnocellular neurons which have their cell bodies in specific areas of the hypothalamus

53
Q

What project down the infundibulum to the posterior pituitary?

A

Axons

54
Q

Where do the axons in the infundibulum terminate?

A

Do not synapse with other neurons, their terminals end directly on capillaries

55
Q

What does activity in the neurons in the infundibulum result in?

A

release of vasopressin or oxytocin into the blood stream at the posterior pituitary

56
Q

What do oxytocin and vasopressin behave as?

A

Typical peptide hormones

-i.e. synthesis and storage in vesicles, cell surface receptors etc

57
Q

What is the main function of vasopressin?

A

Regulates water balance

58
Q

What is vasopressin release triggered by?

A
  • Increase in plasma osmolarity

- Decrease in plasma volume/blood pressure

59
Q

What is the site/mode of action of vasopressin?

A
  • Kidney collecting ducts to increase water reabsorption

- Vascular smooth muscle to increase blood pressure

60
Q

What is the main function of oxytocin?

A

Milk ejection and uterine contraction

61
Q

What is oxytocin release triggered by

A
  • Labour (baby’s head against cervix)

- Suckling

62
Q

What is the site/mode of action of oxytocin?

A
  • Milk duct smooth muscle to contract muscle, ejecting milk

- Uterine smooth muscle for child birth

63
Q

How can endocrine disorders be classified?

A
  • Hyposecretion
  • Hypersecretion
  • Hyporesponsiveness
  • Hyperesponsiveness
  • Primary disorders
  • Secondary disorders
  • Tertiary disorders

endocrine system 1 (25 decks)

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