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Systems: Endocrine AB > Hypothalamus and the Pituitary > Flashcards

Hypothalamus and the Pituitary Flashcards

1
Q

What are the principal organisers to the endocrine system?

A

Hypothalamus and pituitary

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2
Q

Where is the hypothalamus?

A

-Located at the base of the brain, below the thalamus

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3
Q

Where is the pituitary gland?

A

Located in a pocket in the sphenoid bone, directly below the hypothalamus

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4
Q

What type of communication exists between the hypothalamus and pituitary?

A

Hypothalamic communication with the pituitary gland is both neural (to the posterior pituitary) and endocrine (to the anterior pituitary) hence it’s neuroendocrine function

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5
Q

What is the pituitary stalk called?

A

Infundibulum

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6
Q

What is the pituitary gland?

A

Bean-shaped and bean-sized endocrine gland (~14mm diameter)

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7
Q

What are the 2 distinct types of tissue of the pituitary?

A
  • Anterior pituitary

- Posterior pituitary

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8
Q

What is the hypothalamus?

A

Integration centre for endocrine systems

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9
Q

What inputs does the hypothalamus receive?

A
  • Cold
  • Stress
  • Metabolic demand
  • Hydration status
  • Exercise
  • Day/night
  • Menstrual cycle
  • Sleep
  • Breastfeeding
  • Pregnancy
  • Puberty
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10
Q

What is the pituitary involved in regulating?

A
  • Adrenal function
  • Thyroid function
  • Gonadal function
  • Lactation
  • Parturition
  • Growth
  • Water balance
  • Metabolism
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11
Q

What do the hypothalamus and anterior pituitary release?

A

Both the hypothalamus and the anterior pituitary release trophic and non-trophic hormones (trophic hormones govern the release of another hormone)

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12
Q

The hormones released by the hypothalamus are all….

A

Neurohormones

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13
Q

The hormones released by the posterior pituitary are all…

A

Neurohormones (from the hypothalamus)

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14
Q

The hormones released by the anterior pituitary are all…

A

Classic endocrine hormones

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15
Q

What are the 2 forms of hypothalamic neurohormones?

A
  • Trophic

- Non-trophic

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16
Q

Trophic neurohormones

A

Neurohormones secreted into capillaries travelling to anterior pituitary. Govern release of anterior pituitary hormones

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17
Q

Non-trophic neurohormones

A

Neurohormones produced in the hypothalamus and travel to posterior pituitary (via axons of hypothalamic neurons) where they are released into blood

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18
Q

What do all hypothalamic trophic hormones bind to?

A

Receptors on anterior pituitary and stimulate/inhibit release of AP hormones

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19
Q

Name 5 hypothalamic ‘releasing hormones’.

A
  • Thyrotrophin Releasing Hormone (TRH)
  • Corticotropin Releasing Hormone (CRH)
  • Growth Hormone Releasing Hormone (GHRH)
  • Gonadotrophin Releasing Hormone (GnRH)
  • Prolactin Releasing Hormone (PRH
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20
Q

Name 2 hypothalamic ‘inhibiting hormones’

A
  • Growth Hormone Inhibiting Hormone (GHIH) aka somatostatin

- Dopamine aka Prolactin Inhibiting Hormone (PIH)

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21
Q

What is the only hypothalamic trophic hormone which isn’t a peptide?

A

Dopamine

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22
Q

What is the hypothalamo-hypophyseal portal system?

A

Network of tiny vessels which transfer trophic hormones from hypothalamus to anterior pituitary

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23
Q

What is sufficient for control of the hypothalmo-hypophyseal portal system?

A

Small numbers of neurosecretory neurons sufficient for control

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24
Q

Where are hormones released from in the hypothalamo-hypophyseal portal system?

A

Hormones released from neurosecretory neurons at the median eminence

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25
Q

What are the benefits of the hypothalamo-hypophyseal portal system?

A
  • Short distance

- Very rapid and dynamic

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26
Q

What type of tissue is the anterior pituitary?

A

True endocrine tissue

27
Q

What type of tissue is the posterior pituitary?

A

Neuroendocrine tissue

28
Q

What is the origin of the anterior pituitary?

A

Epithelial origin

29
Q

What is the origin of the posterior pituitary?

A

Neural tissue origin

30
Q

How is the anterior pituitary connected to the hypothalamus?

A

Connected to hypothalamus via capillary portal system

31
Q

How is the posterior pituitary connected to the hypothalamus?

A

Neural connection

32
Q

What is the anterior pituitary also known as?

A

Adenohypophysis

33
Q

What is the posterior pituitary also known as?

A

Neurohypophysis

34
Q

How is the pituitary gland split into the posterior and anterior aspects?

A
  • Anterior 2/3rds

- Posterior 1/3rd

35
Q

What controls the production of anterior pituitary hormones?

A

Hypothalamus

36
Q

How does the hypothalamus control the production of anterior pituitary hormones?

A

Hypothalamus does this by producing “releasing” or “inhibiting” trophic hormones, (sometimes called factors), that stimulate or inhibit hormone production from the anterior pituitary e.g. Thyroid Releasing Hormone (TRH) stimulates AP to secrete Thyroid Stimulating Hormone (TSH).

37
Q

How many hormones are released from the anterior pituitary?

A
  • 6 hormones released
  • All are peptides
  • 5 are trophic hormones
38
Q

Name the 6 hormones released by the anterior pituitary.

A
  • Thyroid Stimulating Hormone (TSH) aka thyrotrophin
  • Adrenocorticotrophic Hormone (ACTH) aka corticotrophin
  • Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH)
  • Luteinising Hormone (LH)
  • Growth Hormone (GH)
  • Prolactin
39
Q

What does prolactin directly stimulate?

A

Milk production for the breast during lactation

40
Q

What are the trophic hormones released by the anterior pituitary?

A
  • TSH
  • ACTH
  • FSH
  • LH
  • GH
41
Q

What does prolactin act on and stimulate?

A

Breast to stimulate lactation (direct)

42
Q

What does GH act on and stimulate

A
  • Liver to stimulate IGF-1 release (trophic)

- MSK system to stimulate tissue metabolism (direct)

43
Q

What does TSH act on and stimulate?

A

Thyroid to stimulate TH release (trophic)

44
Q

What does ACTH act on and stimulate?

A

Adrenal cortex to stimulate cortisol release (trophic)

45
Q

What do LH and FSH act on and stimulate?

A

Gonads to stimulate regulation of reproductive function (direct) and sex hormone release (trophic)

46
Q

What are the 3 integration centres in anterior pituitary feedback control?

A
  • Hypothalamus
  • Anterior pituitary
  • Target endocrine cell
47
Q

What act as negative feedback signals?

A

Hormones

48
Q

Where does feedback come from in long-loop feedback?

A

Endocrine target

49
Q

Where does feedback come from in short-loop feedback?

A

Anterior pituitary

50
Q

How does negative feedback loops keep hormones within limits?

A

Links levels of sequential hormones together and tightly maintains plasma levels within the correct range

51
Q

What are the 2 peptide neurohormones which the posterior pituitary stores and releases?

A
  • Vasopressin (aka anti-diuretic hormone; ADH)

- Oxytocin

52
Q

Where are vasopressin and oxytocin synthesised?

A

Magnocellular neurons which have their cell bodies in specific areas of the hypothalamus

53
Q

What project down the infundibulum to the posterior pituitary?

A

Axons

54
Q

Where do the axons in the infundibulum terminate?

A

Do not synapse with other neurons, their terminals end directly on capillaries

55
Q

What does activity in the neurons in the infundibulum result in?

A

Activity in these neurons results in release of vasopressin or oxytocin directly into the blood stream at the posterior pituitary

56
Q

What do oxytocin and vasopressin behave as?

A

Typical peptide hormones

-i.e. synthesis and storage in vesicles, cell surface receptors etc

57
Q

What is the main function of vasopressin?

A

Regulates water balance

58
Q

What is vasopressin release triggered by?

A
  • Increase in plasma osmolarity

- Decrease in plasma volume/blood pressure

59
Q

What is the site/mode of action of vasopressin?

A
  • Kidney collecting ducts to increase water reabsorption

- Vascular smooth muscle to increase blood pressure

60
Q

What is the main function of oxytocin?

A

Milk ejection and uterine contraction

61
Q

What is oxytocin release triggered by

A
  • Labour (baby’s head against cervix)

- Suckling

62
Q

What is the site/mode of action of oxytocin?

A
  • Milk duct smooth muscle to contract muscle, ejecting milk

- Uterine smooth muscle for child birth

63
Q

How can endocrine disorders be classified?

A
  • Hyposecretion
  • Hypersecretion
  • Hyporesponsiveness
  • Hyperesponsiveness
  • Primary disorders
  • Secondary disorders
  • Tertiary disorders

Systems: Endocrine AB (25 decks)

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