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Systems: Endocrine AB > Growth and Development > Flashcards

Growth and Development Flashcards

1
Q

What is important in history and examination when establishing growth and development?

A
  • Birth weight and gestation
  • PMH
  • Family history/social history/schooling
  • Systematic enquiry
  • Dysmorphic features
  • Systemic examination
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2
Q

How should growth be measured and plotted?

A
  • Accuracy is important
  • Value of serial measurements: make every contact count
  • Measurements should be taken between 4-6 months
  • Different types of centile charts (UK, Boy/girl, condition specific)
  • Identify target height and mid parental height (MPH)
  • BMI
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3
Q

How should growth be measured in the under 2s?

A

Weight and length

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4
Q

How should growth be measured in those over 2?

A

Weight and height

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5
Q

What assessment tools are there for growth and development?

A
  • Height/length/weight
  • Growth charts
  • MPH an target centiles
  • Growth velocity
  • Bone age
  • Pubertal assessments
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6
Q

What is important when establishing bone age?

A
  • Radiographs must be of high quality
  • Evaluation by skilled practitioner
  • Pathological conditions can distort bones
  • Severe osteopenia confuses interpretations
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7
Q

What is the Tanner method of pubertal staging?

A
  • Breast development (B) 1 to 5
  • Genital development (G) 1 to 5
  • Pubic hair (PH) 1 to 5
  • Axillary hair (AH) to3
  • Testicular volume (T_ 2ml to 20ml
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8
Q

How is testicular maturation assessed?

A

Prader orchidometer

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9
Q

Why is a precise definition of normal growth difficult to establish?

A
  • Wide range within healthy population
  • Different ethnic subgroups
  • Inequality in basic health and nutrition
  • Normality may relate to individuals or populations (genetic influence)
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10
Q

What factors influence height?

A
  • Age
  • Sex
  • Race
  • Nutrition
  • Parental heights
  • Puberty
  • Skeletal maturity (bone age)
  • General health
  • Chronic disease
  • Specific growth disorders
  • Socio-economic status
  • Emotional well being
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11
Q

What hormones are involved in puberty?

A
  • Growth hormones

- Sex hormones

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12
Q

What are the most important stages in puberty?

A

•-Breast budding (Tanner stage B2) in a girl

  • Testicular enlargement (Tanner stage G2/T3-4ml)
  • These are the earliest objective signs of puberty and when present puberty will usually progress onwards
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13
Q

Growth disorders: Give examples of indications for referral

A
  • Extreme short or tall stature (off centiles)
  • Height below target height
  • Abnormal height velocity (crossing centiles)
  • History of chronic disease
  • Obvious dysmorphic syndrome
  • Early/late puberty
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14
Q

What are common causes of short stature

A
  • Familial
  • Constitutional
  • SGA/IUGR (Small for gestational age)
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15
Q

What are the pathological causes of short stature?

A
  • Undernutrition
  • Chronic illness (JCA, IBD, Coeliac)
  • Iatrogenic (steroids)
  • Psychological and social
  • Hormonal (GHD, hypothyroidism)
  • Syndromes (Turner, Prader Will)
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16
Q

What is the most important pubertal stage in a girl?

A

B2

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17
Q

What is the most important pubertal stage in a boy?

A

T3-4ml

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18
Q

What is considered early puberty in a boy?

A

<9 years (rare)

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19
Q

What is considered late puberty in a boy?

A

> 14 (common, especially CDGP)

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20
Q

What is considered early puberty in a girl?

A

<8 years

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21
Q

What is considered late puberty in a girl?

A

> 13 years (rare)

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22
Q

Who does constitutional delay of growth usually affect?

A

Boys particularly those with a family history (dad and brothers. though may difficult to obtain)

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23
Q

Why does constitutional delay of growth occur?

A

There is bone age delay

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24
Q

Give examples of causes of delated puberty.

A
  • Gonadal dysgenesis (Turner 45X, Klinefelter 47XXY)
  • Chronic disease (Crohn’s, asthma)
  • Impaired HPG axis (septo-optic dysplasia, craniopharyngioma, Kallman’s syndrome)
  • Peripheral (cryptorchidism, testicular irradiation)
25
Q

What can cause early breast development?

A
  • Infantile thelarche
  • Thelarche variant (premature thelarche)
  • True central precocious puberty
26
Q

What can cause early secondary sexual characteristics?

A
  • Exaggerated adrenarche

- Precocious pseudopuberty

27
Q

What can cause early PV bleeding?

A

Premature menarche

28
Q

What does central precocious puberty present with?

A
  • Breast development in girls
  • Testicular enlargement in boys
  • Growth spurt
  • Advanced bone age
29
Q

What causes central precocious puberty?

A
  • Usually idiopathic in girls but pituitary imaging should be done
  • Underlying cause i.e. brain tumour
30
Q

How is central precocious puberty treated?

A

GmRH agonist

31
Q

What is precocious pseudo puberty?

A

Gonadotrophin independent (low /prepubertal levels of LH and FSH) process in which there is abnormal sex steroid secretion leading to early virilisation and secondary sexual characteristics

32
Q

Give examples of endocrine problems that children may present with not related to puberty.

A
  • The new-born with ambiguous genitalia
  • Congenital hypothyroidism
  • Acquired hypothyroidism
  • Thyroid deficiency
  • Obesity
33
Q

How should you manage the new-born with ambiguous genitalia?

A
  • Do not guess the sex of the baby
  • Multidisciplinary approach (paediatrics, endocrine, surgery, neonatologist, geneticist, psychologist)
  • Exam: gonads?/internal organs
  • Karyotype
  • Exclude congenital adrenal hyperplasia (Risk of adrenal crisis in first 2 weeks of life’)
34
Q

How many births are affected by congenital hypothyroidism?

A

1 in 4000

35
Q

What causes congenital hypothyroidism?

A
  • Athyreosis/hypoplastic/ectopic

- Dyshormonogenic

36
Q

When should treatment for congenital hypothyroidism be started?

A

-New born screening followed by commencement of treatment within the first 2 weeks

37
Q

What is the most common cause of acquired hypothyroidism?

A

Hashimoto’s thyroiditis

38
Q

What issues does acquired hypothyroidism present with in childhood?

A
  • Lack of height gain
  • pubertal delay (or precocity)
  • Poor school performance (but work steadily)
39
Q

What is abnormal when it comes to obesity?

A

To be short and obese is abnormal

40
Q

How many children are overweight or obese?

A

Nearly a third (31%) of children aged 2-15 are overweight or obese

41
Q

Define overweight

A
  • BMI 25-29.9

- BMI>85th centile or SD >1.04

42
Q

Define obese

A
  • BMI >30

- BMI>97.5th centile or SD >2

43
Q

How should an individual be assessed for obesity?

A
  • Weight
  • Body mass index (BMI) (kg/m^2)
  • Height
  • Waist circumference
  • Skin folds
  • History and examination
44
Q

What is important in gaining in the history when assessing someone’s obesity?

A
  • Diet
  • Physical activity levels
  • Family history
  • Symptoms suggestive of a syndrome, hypothalamic-pituitary pathology, endocrinopathy or diabetes.
45
Q

What is important when examining someone when assessing their obesity?

A
  • Dark velvet rash indicative of diabetes
  • Goitre
  • BP
  • Imaging of pituitary
46
Q

Give examples of obesity complications.

A
  • Metabolic syndrome
  • Fatty liver disease (non-alcoholic steatohepatitis)
  • Gallstones
  • Reproductive dysfunction (e.g. PCOS)
  • Nutritional deficiencies
  • Thromboembolic disease
  • Pancreatitis
  • Central hypoventilation
  • Obstructive sleep apnoea
  • Gastroesophageal reflux disease
  • Orthopaedic problems (slipped capital femoral epiphysis, tibia vara)
  • Stress incontinence
  • Injuries
  • Psychological
  • Left ventricular hypertrophy
  • Atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease
  • Right sided heart failure
47
Q

What can obesity be caused by?

A
  • Simple obesity
  • Drugs
  • Syndromes
  • Endocrine disorders
  • Hypothalamic damage
48
Q

What drugs can cause obesity?

A
  • Insulin
  • Steroids
  • Antithyroid drugs
  • Sodium valproate
49
Q

What syndromes can cause obesity?

A
  • Prader Willi syndrome
  • Laurence-Moon Biedl syndrome
  • Pseudohypoparathyroidism type I
  • Down’s syndrome
50
Q

What endocrine disorders can cause obesity?

A
  • Hypothyroidism
  • Growth hormone deficiency
  • Glucocorticoid excess
  • Hypothalamic lesion (tumour/trauma/infection)
  • Androgen excess
  • Insulinoma
  • Insulin resistance syndromes
  • Leptin deficiency
51
Q

What is the treatment for obesity?

A
  • Diet
  • Exercise
  • Psychological input
  • Rarely drugs
  • Surgery
52
Q

What is the most common cause of obesity?

A

Simple obesity

  • Increased intake
  • Decreased activity
53
Q

How is an early diagnosis of T1DM made in children?

A

THINK symptoms

  • Thirsty
  • Thinner
  • Tired
  • Toilet more often
54
Q

What additional symptoms are there in children under 5 with T1DM?

A
  • Heavier than usual nappies
  • Blurred vision
  • Candidiasis (oral, vulval)
  • Constipation
  • Recurring skin infections
  • Irritability, behaviour change
55
Q

What is a red flag symptom for T1DM in a child who is toilet trained?

A

A return to bedwetting or day=wetting in a previously dry child is a red flag symptom for diabetes

56
Q

What should you do if a child presents with suspected T1DM?

A

Test immediately

  • Finger prick capillary glucose test. If result >11mmol/l then diabetes, if <11mmol/l other cause
  • DO NOT request a returned urine sample
  • DO NOT arrange a fasting blood glucose test
  • DO NOT arrange an oral glucose tolerance test
  • DO NOT wait for lab results (urine or blood)
  • DK
57
Q

What should you if a child with suspected T1DM finger prick test is over 11mmol/l?

A

Telephone urgently

  • Contact your local specialist team for a same day review
  • DKA can occur very quickly in children
  • If in any doubt about a diagnosis of type I diabetes call for advice
  • Don’t delay the diagnosis
58
Q

What are the symptoms of DKA?

A
  • Nausea and vomiting
  • Abdominal pain
  • Sweet smelling ‘ketotic’ breath
  • Drowsiness
  • Rapid, deep ‘sighing’ respiration
  • Coma

Systems: Endocrine AB (25 decks)

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