hypothalamus and pituitary physiology Flashcards
(101 cards)
1
Q
what does it consist of
A
ductless endocrine glands that are scattered throughout the body
2
Q
how do endocrine glands accomplish their functions
A
by secreting hormone into the blood
3
Q
example of hormones that are hydrophilic
A
- peptide hormones
- catecholamines
- indoleamines
4
Q
example of hormones that are lipophilic
A
- steroid hormones
- thyroid hormones
5
Q
what are peptide hormones
A
chains of amino acids
6
Q
what produces catecholamines
A
adrenal medulla
7
Q
what produces indoleamines
A
pineal gland
8
Q
what produces steroid hormones
A
adrenal cortex
9
Q
what produces thyroid hormone
A
thyroid gland
10
Q
what is the target cell of the hormones produced by the hypothalamus
A
anterior pituitary
11
Q
what is the function of the hormones produced by the hypothalamus
A
control the release of anterior pituitary hormones
12
Q
what hormones are produced by posterior pituitary
A
- vasopressin
- oxytocin
13
Q
what is the target tissue of vasopressin
A
kidney tubules
14
Q
what is the function of vasopressin
A
increases water reabsorption
15
Q
what is the target cell of oxytocin
A
- arterioles
- uterus
- mammary glands
16
Q
what is the function of oxytocin
A
- vasoconstriction
- contraction
- milk ejection from breasts
17
Q
what hormones are produced by anterior pituitary
A
- thyroid stimulating
- adrenocorticotrtropic hormone (ACTH)
- growth hormone
- follicle-stimulating hormone
- luteinzing hormone
- prolactin
18
Q
what does the zona glomerulosa of the adrenal cortex produce
A
aldosterone
19
Q
what does the zona fasciulata and zona reticularis produce
A
cortisol
20
Q
what does aldosterone do
A
increase sodium reabsorption and K+ secretion
21
Q
what does the adrenal medulla produce
A
epinephrine
22
Q
what does epinephrine do
A
reinforce sympathetic nervous system
23
Q
what does the pancreas produce
A
- insulin
- glucagon
- somatostatin
24
Q
what does the parathyroid gland produce
A
parathyroid hormone
25
what does the ovaries produce
oestrogen
26
what do the testes produce
testosterone
27
HYPOTHALAMUS AND PITUITARY
HYPOTHALAMUS AND PITUITARY
28
where is the pituitary gland located
in a bony cavity at the base of the brain
29
what is the pituitary gland below
hypothalamus
30
how is the pituitary connected to the hypothalamus
thin connecting stalk
31
how many lobes does the pituitary have
2
32
what is the name of the lobes of pituitary
- posterior
| - anterior
33
what is the posterior pituitary termed
neurohypophysis
34
what is the anterior pituitary termed
enohypophysis
35
what does adeno
glandular
36
what is the release of hormones form the pituitary gland controlled by
hypothalamus
37
how is the posterior lobe connected to the hypothalamus by
neural pathway
38
how is the anterior lobe connected to the hypothalamus by
vascular link
39
what are the supporting cells in the posterior pituitary called
pituicytes
40
what lobe is an extension of the hypothalamus
posterior
41
does the posterior pituitary produce any hormones
no
42
what does the posterior pituitary do
stores and stimulates the release of 2 hormones
43
what 2 hormones does the posterior pituitary release
- vasopressin
| - oxytocin
44
where are vasopressin and oxytocin produced
in the neuronal cell bodies of the hypothalamus
45
can the terminals of the posterior pituitary store both vasopressin and oxytocin
no only one
46
what is another name for vasopressin
antidiuretic hormone
47
what does vasopressin do
- enhances retention of water by the kidney nephrons during urine formation
- causes contraction of arteriolar smooth muscle
48
what does oxytocin do
stimulate contraction of the uterine smooth muscle to help expel the infant during child birth
49
what effect does oxytocin have on breast
promotes ejection of the milk from the mammary glands during breast feeding
50
what hormone facilitates bonding between a mother and child
oxytocin
51
does the anterior pituitary synthesise its own hormones
yes
52
how many hormones are secreted by the anterior pituitary
6
53
what do somatotrope cells of the anterior pituitary secrete
growth hormone
54
what does growth hormone do
regulates overall body growth
55
what does somato mean
body
56
what do thyrotrope cells secrete
thyroid stimulating hormone
57
what does thyroid stimulating hormone do
simulate secretion of thyroid hormone and growth of the thyroid gland
58
what do corticotropes of the anterior pituitary produce
adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)
59
what does adrenocorticotropic hormone stimulate
secretion by the adrenal cortex of cortisol
60
what do gonadotropes of the anterior pituitary secrete
2 hormones:
- follicle stimulating hormone
- luteinising hormone
61
what does follicle stimulating hormone do
regulate gamete production in both sexes
62
what does luteinising hormone do
control sex hormones in both sexes
63
what do lacotropes of the anterior pituitary release
prolactin
64
what does prolactin do
enhances breast development and milk production (lactation)
65
what is ACTH synthesised as
large precursor molecule known as pro-opiomegancortin
66
what is pro-opiomegancortin cleaved into
- ACTH
- melanocyte stimulating hormone
- endorphin
67
what cells produce melanocyte stimulating hormone
melanocytes in response to UV light (causes tanning)
68
what does tropic hormone mean
that it regulates secretion of another specific endocrine gland
69
what are the secretion of hormones from the anterior pituitary reliant on
hypothalamus
70
how many hormones does the hypothalamus secrete
7
71
what are the 2 types of hormones released from the hypothalamus
- releasing
| - inhibiting
72
example of prolactin-inhibiting hormone
dopamine
73
what is the endocrine axis
that the release of a hormone from the hypothalamus controls the release of hormones from the anterior pituitary that contorts the target organ
74
example of growth hormone inhibiting hormone
somatostatin
75
what is the largest and best portal system
hepatic portal system
76
where must all the blood to the anterior pituitary first pass through
the hypothalamus
77
how does the hypothalamic system work
via negative feedback loops
78
ENDOCRINE CONTROL OF GROWTH
ENDOCRINE CONTROL OF GROWTH
79
is growth hormone essential for growth
yes
80
is cortisol pro growth or anti growth
anti growth
81
what does cortisol promote that is anti growth
- promotes protein breakdown
- inhibits growth in long bones
- blocks the secretion of growth hormone
82
when does puberty being
age 11 in girls
| age 13 in boys
83
what is the most abundant hormone produced by the anterior pituitary
growth hormone
84
what are the main target tissues of growth hormone
- adipose tissue
- skeletal muscles
- liver
85
what does growth hormone increase
fatty acid levels
86
what does increased fatty acid levels enhance
breakdown of triglyceride fat stored in adipose tissue
| - mobilises fat stores
87
what is the only thing that the brain uses as metabolic fuel
glucose
88
can the nervous tissue use glucose
no
89
what is the major source of IGF-1
liver
90
what causes release of IGF-1
growth hormone
91
is IGF-II influenced by growth hormone
no
92
when is IGF-II important
during foetal development
93
how does growth hormone promote growth of soft tissues
- hyperplasia
| - hypertrophy
94
what does growth hormone prevent
apoptosis
95
what are the bone cells that produce organic matrix known as
osteoblasts
96
is cartilage calcified
no
97
pgs 679 to 685 not done
pages 679 to 685 not done
98
PINEAL GLAND AND CIRDCADIAN RHYTHMS
PINEAL GLAND AND CIRCDADIAN RHYTHMS
99
where is the pineal gland located
centre of the brain
100
what does the pineal gland secrete
melatonin
101
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page 685
