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endocrine > hypothalamus and pituitary physiology > Flashcards

hypothalamus and pituitary physiology Flashcards

1
Q

what does it consist of

A

ductless endocrine glands that are scattered throughout the body

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2
Q

how do endocrine glands accomplish their functions

A

by secreting hormone into the blood

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3
Q

example of hormones that are hydrophilic

A
  • peptide hormones
  • catecholamines
  • indoleamines
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4
Q

example of hormones that are lipophilic

A
  • steroid hormones

- thyroid hormones

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5
Q

what are peptide hormones

A

chains of amino acids

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6
Q

what produces catecholamines

A

adrenal medulla

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7
Q

what produces indoleamines

A

pineal gland

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8
Q

what produces steroid hormones

A

adrenal cortex

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9
Q

what produces thyroid hormone

A

thyroid gland

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10
Q

what is the target cell of the hormones produced by the hypothalamus

A

anterior pituitary

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11
Q

what is the function of the hormones produced by the hypothalamus

A

control the release of anterior pituitary hormones

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12
Q

what hormones are produced by posterior pituitary

A
  • vasopressin

- oxytocin

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13
Q

what is the target tissue of vasopressin

A

kidney tubules

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14
Q

what is the function of vasopressin

A

increases water reabsorption

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15
Q

what is the target cell of oxytocin

A
  • arterioles
  • uterus
  • mammary glands
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16
Q

what is the function of oxytocin

A
  • vasoconstriction
  • contraction
  • milk ejection from breasts
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17
Q

what hormones are produced by anterior pituitary

A
  • thyroid stimulating
  • adrenocorticotrtropic hormone (ACTH)
  • growth hormone
  • follicle-stimulating hormone
  • luteinzing hormone
  • prolactin
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18
Q

what does the zona glomerulosa of the adrenal cortex produce

A

aldosterone

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19
Q

what does the zona fasciulata and zona reticularis produce

A

cortisol

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20
Q

what does aldosterone do

A

increase sodium reabsorption and K+ secretion

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21
Q

what does the adrenal medulla produce

A

epinephrine

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22
Q

what does epinephrine do

A

reinforce sympathetic nervous system

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23
Q

what does the pancreas produce

A
  • insulin
  • glucagon
  • somatostatin
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24
Q

what does the parathyroid gland produce

A

parathyroid hormone

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25
Q

what does the ovaries produce

A

oestrogen

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26
Q

what do the testes produce

A

testosterone

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27
Q

HYPOTHALAMUS AND PITUITARY

A

HYPOTHALAMUS AND PITUITARY

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28
Q

where is the pituitary gland located

A

in a bony cavity at the base of the brain

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29
Q

what is the pituitary gland below

A

hypothalamus

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30
Q

how is the pituitary connected to the hypothalamus

A

thin connecting stalk

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31
Q

how many lobes does the pituitary have

A

2

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32
Q

what is the name of the lobes of pituitary

A
  • posterior

- anterior

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33
Q

what is the posterior pituitary termed

A

neurohypophysis

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34
Q

what is the anterior pituitary termed

A

enohypophysis

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35
Q

what does adeno

A

glandular

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36
Q

what is the release of hormones form the pituitary gland controlled by

A

hypothalamus

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37
Q

how is the posterior lobe connected to the hypothalamus by

A

neural pathway

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38
Q

how is the anterior lobe connected to the hypothalamus by

A

vascular link

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39
Q

what are the supporting cells in the posterior pituitary called

A

pituicytes

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40
Q

what lobe is an extension of the hypothalamus

A

posterior

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41
Q

does the posterior pituitary produce any hormones

A

no

42
Q

what does the posterior pituitary do

A

stores and stimulates the release of 2 hormones

43
Q

what 2 hormones does the posterior pituitary release

A
  • vasopressin

- oxytocin

44
Q

where are vasopressin and oxytocin produced

A

in the neuronal cell bodies of the hypothalamus

45
Q

can the terminals of the posterior pituitary store both vasopressin and oxytocin

A

no only one

46
Q

what is another name for vasopressin

A

antidiuretic hormone

47
Q

what does vasopressin do

A
  • enhances retention of water by the kidney nephrons during urine formation
  • causes contraction of arteriolar smooth muscle
48
Q

what does oxytocin do

A

stimulate contraction of the uterine smooth muscle to help expel the infant during child birth

49
Q

what effect does oxytocin have on breast

A

promotes ejection of the milk from the mammary glands during breast feeding

50
Q

what hormone facilitates bonding between a mother and child

A

oxytocin

51
Q

does the anterior pituitary synthesise its own hormones

A

yes

52
Q

how many hormones are secreted by the anterior pituitary

A

6

53
Q

what do somatotrope cells of the anterior pituitary secrete

A

growth hormone

54
Q

what does growth hormone do

A

regulates overall body growth

55
Q

what does somato mean

A

body

56
Q

what do thyrotrope cells secrete

A

thyroid stimulating hormone

57
Q

what does thyroid stimulating hormone do

A

simulate secretion of thyroid hormone and growth of the thyroid gland

58
Q

what do corticotropes of the anterior pituitary produce

A

adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)

59
Q

what does adrenocorticotropic hormone stimulate

A

secretion by the adrenal cortex of cortisol

60
Q

what do gonadotropes of the anterior pituitary secrete

A

2 hormones:

  • follicle stimulating hormone
  • luteinising hormone
61
Q

what does follicle stimulating hormone do

A

regulate gamete production in both sexes

62
Q

what does luteinising hormone do

A

control sex hormones in both sexes

63
Q

what do lacotropes of the anterior pituitary release

A

prolactin

64
Q

what does prolactin do

A

enhances breast development and milk production (lactation)

65
Q

what is ACTH synthesised as

A

large precursor molecule known as pro-opiomegancortin

66
Q

what is pro-opiomegancortin cleaved into

A
  • ACTH
  • melanocyte stimulating hormone
  • endorphin
67
Q

what cells produce melanocyte stimulating hormone

A

melanocytes in response to UV light (causes tanning)

68
Q

what does tropic hormone mean

A

that it regulates secretion of another specific endocrine gland

69
Q

what are the secretion of hormones from the anterior pituitary reliant on

A

hypothalamus

70
Q

how many hormones does the hypothalamus secrete

A

7

71
Q

what are the 2 types of hormones released from the hypothalamus

A
  • releasing

- inhibiting

72
Q

example of prolactin-inhibiting hormone

A

dopamine

73
Q

what is the endocrine axis

A

that the release of a hormone from the hypothalamus controls the release of hormones from the anterior pituitary that contorts the target organ

74
Q

example of growth hormone inhibiting hormone

A

somatostatin

75
Q

what is the largest and best portal system

A

hepatic portal system

76
Q

where must all the blood to the anterior pituitary first pass through

A

the hypothalamus

77
Q

how does the hypothalamic system work

A

via negative feedback loops

78
Q

ENDOCRINE CONTROL OF GROWTH

A

ENDOCRINE CONTROL OF GROWTH

79
Q

is growth hormone essential for growth

A

yes

80
Q

is cortisol pro growth or anti growth

A

anti growth

81
Q

what does cortisol promote that is anti growth

A
  • promotes protein breakdown
  • inhibits growth in long bones
  • blocks the secretion of growth hormone
82
Q

when does puberty being

A

age 11 in girls

age 13 in boys

83
Q

what is the most abundant hormone produced by the anterior pituitary

A

growth hormone

84
Q

what are the main target tissues of growth hormone

A
  • adipose tissue
  • skeletal muscles
  • liver
85
Q

what does growth hormone increase

A

fatty acid levels

86
Q

what does increased fatty acid levels enhance

A

breakdown of triglyceride fat stored in adipose tissue

- mobilises fat stores

87
Q

what is the only thing that the brain uses as metabolic fuel

A

glucose

88
Q

can the nervous tissue use glucose

A

no

89
Q

what is the major source of IGF-1

A

liver

90
Q

what causes release of IGF-1

A

growth hormone

91
Q

is IGF-II influenced by growth hormone

A

no

92
Q

when is IGF-II important

A

during foetal development

93
Q

how does growth hormone promote growth of soft tissues

A
  • hyperplasia

- hypertrophy

94
Q

what does growth hormone prevent

A

apoptosis

95
Q

what are the bone cells that produce organic matrix known as

A

osteoblasts

96
Q

is cartilage calcified

A

no

97
Q

pgs 679 to 685 not done

A

pages 679 to 685 not done

98
Q

PINEAL GLAND AND CIRDCADIAN RHYTHMS

A

PINEAL GLAND AND CIRCDADIAN RHYTHMS

99
Q

where is the pineal gland located

A

centre of the brain

100
Q

what does the pineal gland secrete

A

melatonin

101
Q

page 685

A

page 685

endocrine (6 decks)

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