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endocrine > calcium endocrinology physiology > Flashcards

calcium endocrinology physiology Flashcards

1
Q

what does aldosterone control

A

Na

K

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2
Q

what hormones control calcium and phosphate

A
  • parathyroid hormone
  • calcitonin
  • vitamin D
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3
Q

is calcium concentration tightly controlled

A

yes very

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4
Q

where is 99% of the calcium in the body

A

in crystalline form within the skeleton and teeth

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5
Q

is free ECF calcium biologically active

A

yes

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6
Q

roles of free ECF

A
  • neuromuscular excitability
  • excitation contraction coupling
  • stimulus secreting
  • maintenance of tight junction
  • clotting of blood
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7
Q

what does a fall in calcium do to muscles

A

causes over excitability of nerves and muscles

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8
Q

what is hypocalcemia

A

low blood calcium

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9
Q

what does a rise in cytosolic calcium within a muscle cause

A

contraction

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10
Q

what does an increase in calcium into cells cause

A

release of secretory product by exocytosis

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11
Q

what does increase in calcium into the pancreatic beta cell cause

A

insulin secretion

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12
Q

does calcium aid in intercellular junctions

A

yes forms part holing it tightly together

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13
Q

calcium in the blood acts as

A

co factor

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14
Q

what does calcium in the blood lead to

A

clot formation

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15
Q

what is calcium in bone and teeth essential for

A

structural and functional integrity

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16
Q

CONTROL OF CALCIUM METABOLISM

A

CONTROL OF CALCIUM METABOLISM

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17
Q

how is urinary excretion of calcium controlled

A

hormonally

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18
Q

what serves as a large calcium reservoir

A

bone

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19
Q

how is calcium homeostasis maintained

A

exchanges between bone and ECF

leads to modifications in urinary calcium

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20
Q

how is calcium balance maintained

A

adjusting intestinal calcium absorption and urinary calcium excretion

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21
Q

what is the primary regulator of calcium

A

parathyroid hormone

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22
Q

what vitamin also helps maintain calcium

A

vitamin D

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23
Q

what is another calcium influencing hormone

A

calcitonin

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24
Q

when is calcitonin used

A

during extreme hypercalcemia

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25
Q

PARATHYROID HORMONE

A

PARATHYROID HORMONE

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26
Q

where is parathyroid hormone secreted from

A

parathyroid

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27
Q

what are the parathyroid glands

A

4 rice grain sized glands

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28
Q

where are parathyroid gland located

A

back surface of the thyroid gland - one in each corner

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29
Q

is PTH essential for life

A

yes

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30
Q

what is the overall effect of PTH

A

increase calcium concentration in plasma

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31
Q

what does PTH prevent

A

hypocalcemia

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32
Q

how long can you survive without PTH

A

few days

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33
Q

BONE REMODELLING

A

BONE REMODELLING

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34
Q

where is most of the bodies calcium

A

bone

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35
Q

what does bone serve as

A

calcium storage depot

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36
Q

is bone a living tissue

A

yes

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37
Q

what is bone composed of

A

osteoid

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38
Q

what is bone impregnated with

A

hydroxyapatite crystals

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39
Q

where do the hydroxyapatite crystals in bone precipitate

A

around collagen fibres in the matrix

40
Q

is the bone always changing

yes or no

A

yes

constantly being remodelled

41
Q

how often is the skeleton completely regenerated

A

every 10 years

42
Q

what are osteoblasts

A

secrete extracellular or panic matrix

43
Q

what are osteocytes

A

retired osteoblasts

44
Q

what are osteoclasts

A

resorb bone in their vicinity

45
Q

what do osteoclasts actively secrete

A

hydrochloric acid that dissolves crystals and enzymes

46
Q

how do osteoblasts form cell

A

move into the cavity and secrete osteoid to fill in the hole

47
Q

are the rates of bone formation and respiration equal

A

yes

48
Q

where are osteoblasts derived from

A

stromal cells

49
Q

what do osteoclasts derive from

A

macrophages

50
Q

what does RANK ligand rev up

A

osteoclast action

51
Q

what does RANK ligand bind to

A

RANK

52
Q

what can osteoblasts secrete

A

osteoprotegerin (OPG)

53
Q

what does OPG bind to

A

RANKL

54
Q

what can stimulate OPG

A

oestrogen

55
Q

what helps maintain growing bones in kids

A
  • growth hormone

- IGF-1

56
Q

what does stress cause in bone

A

favours bone deposition

57
Q

are the bones in athletes stronger

A

yes

58
Q

what happens to bone during prolonged bed rest

A

bone mass diminishes

59
Q

what is osteoporosis

A

reduction in bone mass

60
Q

PTH

A

PTH

61
Q

what does PTH do

A

promote calcium conservation

62
Q

can PTH promote bone dissolution

A

yes

63
Q

what can PTH do on the kidney

A

enhance activation of vitamin D

64
Q

PTH and the small intestine

A

increases both calcium and hydroxyapatite form the small intestines

65
Q

when does PTH secretion increase

A

when plasma calcium falls

66
Q

is calcitonin important in normal calcium metabolism

A

no

67
Q

what produced calcitonin

A

C cells

68
Q

what is the effect of calcitonin

A

decrease calcium movement

69
Q

does calcitonin have an effect on the intestine

A

no

70
Q

what does calcitonin protect against

A

hypercalcemia

71
Q

VITAMIN D

A

VITAMIN D

72
Q

what is vitamin D essential for

A

calcium absorption in the intestine

73
Q

how is vitamin D made

A

produced in the skin from a precursor related to cholesterol on exposure to sunlight

74
Q

is vitamin D active

A

no

75
Q

where is vitamin D active

A

firstly in liver then kidneys

76
Q

what is the end result of vitamin D activation

A

calcitriol

77
Q

what is the most dramatic effect of activated vitamin D

A

to increase calcium absorption in the intestine

78
Q

is most calcium absorbed or lost in the faeces

A

lost in the faeces

79
Q

does vitamin D have an effect on PTH

A

yes

80
Q

how does vitamin D exert its effects

A

by. binding to nuclear vitamin D receptor

81
Q

does vitamin D play an essential role in calcium homeostasis

A

no its too sluggish

82
Q

DISORDERS OF CALCIUM

A

DISORDERS OF CALCIUM

83
Q

what are the main disorders that affect calcium metabolism

A

too much or too little PTH

84
Q

what is excess PTH cause

A

hyperparathyroidism

85
Q

what is hyperparathyroidism caused by

A

tumour in one of the parathyroid gland

86
Q

symptoms of hyperparathyroidism

A
  • reduced excitability of muscle
  • muscle weakness
  • decreased alertness
  • poor memory
  • depression
  • cardiac disturbance
  • thinning of bone
  • kidney stones
  • peptic ulcer
  • nausea
  • constipation
87
Q

decrease in calcium

A

hypoparathyroidism

88
Q

causes of hypoparathyroidism

A
  • removal of parathyroid glands during thyroid removal surgery
89
Q

can all parathyroid glands be removed

A

no or the patient will die

90
Q

what does hypoparathyroidism lead to

A

hypocalcemia

91
Q

in the absence of PTH what is imminent

A

death

92
Q

symptoms of hypoparathyroidism

A
  • muscular excitability
  • neuromuscular excitability
  • muscle cramps
  • twitches
  • tingling
  • pins and needles
  • irritability
  • paranoia
93
Q

what is a consequence of vitamin D deficiency

A

impaired intestinal absorption of calcium

94
Q

what causes rickets

A

vitamin D deficiency

95
Q

what is rickets

A

when bone become soft and deformed bowing under the pressure of weight bearing

96
Q

who usually gets rickets

A

children

97
Q

what is the condition of vitamin D deficiency in adults

A

osteomalacia

endocrine (6 decks)

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