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Endocrine > Hypothalamus and Pituitary > Flashcards

Hypothalamus and Pituitary Flashcards

1
Q

What connects the hypothalamus and pituitary?

A

A stalk called the infundibulum

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2
Q

Why is the hypothalamic communication with the pituitary gland neuroendocrine?

A

It is a neural connection (to posterior pituitary)

AND an endocrine connection (to the anterior pituitary)

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3
Q

What is the function of the hypothalamus?

A

It is an integration centre for the endocrine systems

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4
Q

Where is the hypothalamus located?

A

At the base of the brain, below the thalamus

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5
Q

What is the pituitary gland?

A

Bean shaped and sized gland located in a pocket in the sphenoid bone

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6
Q

What are the two parts of the pituitary gland?

A

The posterior and anterior pituitary

These are two distinct tissues

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7
Q

What are trophic hormones?

A

Hormones that govern the release of another hormone

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8
Q

What kind of hormones does the hypothalamus and posterior pituitary release?

A

Neurohormones

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9
Q

What kind of hormones does the anterior pituitary release?

A

Classic endocrine hormones

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10
Q

What are the two kinds of hypothalamic neurohormones?

A
  1. Trophic - secreted into capillaries travelling to the anterior pituitary (govern release of anterior pituitary hormones)
  2. Non-trophic - neurohormones produced in hypothalamus + travel to posterior pituitary (via axons of hypothalamic neurons) where they are released into the blood
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11
Q

What are the 5 main hormones produced by the hypothalamus that travel to the anterior pituitary and cause the release of another hormone? i.e. they are trophic

A 
Thyrotropin releasing hormone (TRH)
Corticotropin releasing hormone (CRH)
Growth hormone releasing hormone (GHRH)
Gonadotrophin releasing hormone (GnRH)
Prolactin releasing hormone (PRH)
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12
Q

What are the two hypothalamic inhibiting hormones?

A

Growth hormone inhibiting hormone (GHIH) aka. somatostatin

Dopamine (aka prolactin inhibiting hormone)

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13
Q

What are the kind of hormones are released by the hypothalamus?

A

Peptide (expect dopamine)

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14
Q

What does PRH stimulate?

A

Release of prolactin from anterior pituitary

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15
Q

What does TRH stimulate?

A

Release of thyroid stimulating hormone from anterior pituitary

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16
Q

What does CRH stimulate?

A

Release of ACTH from anterior pituitary

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17
Q

What does GHRH stimulate?

A

Release of HG from the anterior pituitary

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18
Q

What does GnRH stimulate?

A

Release of FSH and LH from the anterior pituitary

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19
Q

What does ACTH do?

A

Stimulates release of cortisol from adrenal cortex

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20
Q

What is the hypothalamo-hypophyseal system?

A

Network of tiny vessels which transfer trophic hormones from hypothalamus to anterior pituitary

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21
Q

Where are the hypothalamic hormones released in the hypothalamo-hypophyseal portal system?

A

Released from neurosecretory neurons at the median eminence

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22
Q

What kind of tissue is the anterior pituitary?

A

True endocrine tissue

23
Q

What is the origin of the anterior pituitary tissue?

A

Epithelial

24
Q

What kind of tissue is the posterior pituitary?

A

Neuroendocrine

25
Q

What is the origin of the posterior pituitary tissue?

A

Neural tissue

26
Q

How is the anterior pituitary connected to the hypothalamus?

A

Via a capillary portal system

27
Q

How is the posterior pituitary connected to the hypothalamus?

A

Neural connection (it secretes neurohormones made in the hypothalamus)

28
Q

What are the other names for the anterior and posterior pituitary?

A

Anterior - adenohypophysis

Posterior - neurohypophysis

29
Q

What % of the pituitary gland is anterior and posterior?

A

1/3 posterior, 2/3 anterior

30
Q

How does the hypothalamus control the release of anterior pituitary hormones?

A

By producing releasing or inhibiting hormones (e.g. TRH stimulates TSH secretion)

31
Q

How many hormones are released from the anterior pituitary? How many of these are trophic?

A

6 (all peptide)

5 are trophic

32
Q

What hormones are released by the anterior pituitary?

A 
Thyroid stimulating hormone
Adrenocorticotrophic hormone
Follicle stimulating hormone
Lutenising hormone 
Growth hormone
Prolactin
33
Q

Which of the anterior pituitary hormones is NOT trophic and what is its role?

A

Prolactin

Directly stimulates milk production from the breast during lactation

34
Q

What is a portal system?

A

Two capillary beds in series

35
Q

What does growth hormone do?

A

Goes to liver and stimulates IGF-1 release and also directly affects tissue metabolism

36
Q

What is involved in anterior pituitary feedback control?

A

Hormones themselves act as negative feedback signal
Feedback from endocrine target (long-loop feedback)
Feedback from anterior pituitary to hypothalamus (short-loop feedback)

37
Q

What kind of hormones does the posterior pituitary store and release?

A

2 peptide neurohormones -
Vasopressin (ADH)
Oxytocin

38
Q

Where are oxytocin and ADH synthesised?

A

In magnocellular neurons (which have their cell bodies in specific areas of the hypothalamus), their terminals end directly on capillaries in the posterior pituitary

39
Q

What is the function of vasopressin?

A

Regulates water balance

40
Q

What triggers the release of vasopressin?

A

Increased plasma osmolarity

Decreased plasma volume or BP

41
Q

Where does vasopressin act?

A

Kidney collecting ducts to increase water reabsorption and vascular smooth muscle to increase BP

42
Q

What is the action of oxytocin?

A

Milk ejection + uterine contraction

43
Q

What triggers the release of oxytocin?

A

Labour (baby’s head pushing against cervix)

Suckling

44
Q

Where does oxytocin act?

A

Milk duct smooth muscle (contracts muscle ejecting milk)

Uterine smooth muscle (–> childbirth)

45
Q

Define hyposecretion

A

Too little hormone secreted

46
Q

Define hypersecretion

A

Too much hormone secreted

47
Q

Define hyporesponsiveness

A

Reduced response of target cell

48
Q

Define hyperresponsiveness

A

Increased response of target cell

49
Q

What are primary disorders?

A

Those in which the defect is in the cells that secrete that hormone

50
Q

What are secondary disorders?

A

Those in which there is too little or too much trophic hormone from the pituitary

51
Q

What are tertiary disorders?

A

These relate to hypoththalamic defects

52
Q

What may cause hyporesponsiveness?

A

Alterations in receptors for that hormone, disordered post-receptor events or failure of metabolic activation of hormone

53
Q

What may cause hyperresponsiveness?

A

Permissive effects

Endocrine (11 decks)

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