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Bio 144 > Hypothalamus and Pituitary > Flashcards

Hypothalamus and Pituitary Flashcards

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1
Q

Hypothalamus

A

Portion of diencephalon that controls
pituitary gland

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2
Q

Pituitary (aka hypophysis)

A

– Pea-sized gland housed within sella turcica of sphenoid bone
– Partitioned into anterior and posterior
pituitary

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3
Q

infundibulum

A

Hypothalamus and pituitary are
connected by the infundibulum

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4
Q

Anterior pituitary (adenohypophysis)

A

– Composed of glandular tissue that synthesizes and secretes its own hormones
– Vascularly connected to hypothalamus via hypophyseal portal system consisting of:
▪ Primary capillary plexus – porous capillary network associated with hypothalamus
▪ Hypophyseal portal veins – drain primary plexus and transport to secondary plexus
▪ Secondary capillary plexus – capillary network associated with anterior pituitary

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5
Q

Posterior pituitary (neurohypophysis)

A

– Neuron cell bodies located in hypothalamus synthesize hormones
– Axons travel to posterior pituitary via hypothalamic-hypophyseal tract
– Posterior pituitary is composed of neuronal axon terminals that secrete hormones

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6
Q

Regulatory Hormones

A

A hormone that regulates the secretory action of another endocrine organ

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7
Q

Releasing Hormone

A

A hormone that stimulates the secretion of anterior pituitary hormone

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8
Q

inhibiting Hormone

A

A hormone that inhibits the secretion of anterior pituitary hormones

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9
Q

Tropic Hormone

A

Hormone that target another endocrine gland to secrete its hormones

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10
Q

hypothalamus

A

which is an endocrine gland, controls
hormone secretion from
peripheral endocrine glands via 3-step pathways

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11
Q

hypothalamic releasing
hormone

A
  • Each hypothalamic releasing hormone acts on specific hormone-secreting cells in the anterior pituitary gland.
  • Anterior pituitary hormone acts on cells in a peripheral endocrine
    gland, to stimulate its secretion
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12
Q

Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Gonadal Axis

A
  • Hormone secreted from the Hypothalamus:
    – Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH)
    ▪ Stimulus: Humoral (Decreased blood levels of estrogen/testosterone)
    ◦ Target: Anterior Pituitary (gonadotropic cells)
    » Action: Stimulates secretion of luteinizing hormone
  • Hormone secreted from the Anterior Pituitary (gonadotropic cells):
    – Luteinizing hormone (LH)
    ▪ Stimulus: Hormonal (Gonadotropin Releasing Hormone from hypothalamus)
    ◦ Target: Ovaries (Thecal cells)
    » Action: Stimulates secretion of estrogen
    ◦ Target: Ovaries (Corpus luteum)
    » Action: Stimulates secretion of progesterone
    ◦ Target: Testes (Interstitial cells)
    » Action: Stimulates secretion of testosterone

Hormone secreted from the Hypothalamus:
– Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH)
▪ Stimulus: Humoral (Decreased blood levels of estrogen/testosterone)
◦ Target: Anterior Pituitary (gonadotropic cells)
» Action: Stimulates secretion of follicle-stimulating hormone
* Hormone secreted from the Anterior Pituitary (gonadotropic cells):
– Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)
▪ Stimulus: Hormonal (Gonadotropin Releasing Hormone from hypothalamus)
◦ Target: Ovaries (Granulosa cells)
» Action: Stimulates follicle maturation and development of oocyte
◦ Target: Testes (Sustentacular cells)
» Action: Stimulates development of sperm

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13
Q

Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenal Axis

A
  • Hormone secreted from the Hypothalamus:
    – Corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH)
    ▪ Stimulus: Humoral (Decreased blood levels of cortisol)
    ◦ Target: Anterior Pituitary (corticotropic cells)
    » Action: Stimulates secretion of adrenocorticotropic hormone
  • Hormone secreted from the Anterior Pituitary (corticotropic cells):
    – Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)
    ▪ Stimulus: Hormonal (Corticotropin Releasing Hormone from hypothalamus)
    ◦ May also be secreted due to stress
    ◦ Target: Adrenal gland cortex
    » Action: Stimulates secretion of hormones from adrenal cortex
  • Mainly cortisol, but also aldosterone and androgens
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14
Q

Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Thyroid Axis

A
  • Hormone secreted from the Hypothalamus:
    – Thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH)
    ▪ Stimulus: Humoral (Decreased blood levels of thyroid hormone)
    ◦ Target: Anterior Pituitary (thyrotropic cells)
    » Action: Stimulates secretion of thyroid-stimulating hormone
  • Hormone secreted from the Anterior Pituitary (thyrotropic cells):
    – Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)
    ▪ Stimulus: Hormonal (Thyrotropin Releasing Hormone from hypothalamus)
    ▪ Target: Thyroid gland (follicular cells)
    ◦ Action: Stimulates synthesis and secretion of thyroid hormone
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15
Q

Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Mammary Axis

A
  • Hormone secreted from the Hypothalamus:
    – Prolactin-inhibiting hormone (PIH) aka dopamine
    ▪ Stimulus not well understood
    ◦ Target: Anterior Pituitary (prolactin cells)
    » Action: Prevents secretion of prolactin
    – Prolactin-releasing hormone (PRH)
    ▪ Stimulus: Humoral (Increased estrogen levels)
    ◦ Target: Anterior Pituitary (prolactin cells)
    » Action: Stimulates synthesis and secretion of prolactin
  • Hormone secreted from the Anterior Pituitary (prolactin cells):
    – Prolactin (PRL)
    ▪ In contrast to other pituitary hormones, prolactin secretion is usually suppressed
    ▪ Stimulus: Decreased secretion of Prolactin Inhibiting Hormone (Dopamine)
    ◦ Suckling is also a stimulus for prolactin secretion
    ◦ Target (females): Mammary glands
    » Action: Stimulates mammary growth and synthesis of breast milk
    ▪ Function in males not well understood
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16
Q

Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Somatic Axis

A
  • Hormone secreted from the Hypothalamus:
    – Growth hormone-releasing hormone (GHRH)
    ▪ Stimulus: Humoral (Decreased blood levels of glucose/fatty acids or increased
    blood levels of amino acids)
    ◦ Target: Anterior pituitary (somatotropic cells)
    » Action: Stimulates secretion of growth hormone
  • Hormone secreted from the Anterior Pituitary (somatotropic cells):
    – Growth hormone (GH) aka Somatotropin
    ▪ Stimulus: Hormonal (Growth Hormone Releasing Hormone from hypothalamus)
    ◦ Target: Liver, Bones, and Skeletal muscles
    » Action: Stimulates IGF (Insulin-like Growth Factor) secretion
  • IGF from liver enters bloodstream as a hormone
  • IFG from bones and skeletal muscles act as paracrine hormones
  • IGF targets bones and skeletal muscles to promote cell division and
    cell growth
    ▪ Secretion usually ceases prior to adulthood, except in disease
17
Q

Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) aka vasopressin

A

– Synthesized in supraoptic nucleus of hypothalamus
– Secreted from posterior pituitary
– Stimulus: Humoral (Increased blood osmolarity/dehydration – detected by
receptors in hypothalamus)
▪ Target: Kidney
◦ Action: Decreases urine output
▪ Target: Hypothalamus
◦ Action: Stimulates thirst center
▪ Target: Blood vessels
◦ Action: Stimulates vasoconstriction

18
Q

Oxytocin (OT)

A

– Synthesized in paraventricular nucleus of hypothalamus
– Secreted from posterior pituitary
– Stimulus: Neural (Afferent impulses from stretching of cervix)
▪ Target: Uterus (Myometrium)
◦ Action: Stimulates smooth muscle contraction during delivery
◦ Positive feedback mechanism
– Stimulus: Neural (Reflexive release from suckling)
▪ Target: Mammary glands
◦ Action: Stimulates milk ejection
◦ Positive feedback mechanism

Bio 144 (8 decks)

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