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A&P 2 Test 3 Endo > Hypothalamus and Pituitary > Flashcards

Hypothalamus and Pituitary Flashcards

1
Q

What connects the hypothalamus to posterior pituitary and why is it important

A

the infundibular stalk, so hormones (ADH and oxytocin) produced in the hypothalamus can be stored in the posterior pituitary

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2
Q

What is the name for the partial sheath from the anterior pituitary that warps around the infundibular stalk

A

pars tuberalis

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3
Q

The combination of the infundibular stalk and pars tuberalis form what

A

The infundibulum

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4
Q

True or False anterior pituitary hormones are produced in large quantities

A

False, made in small quantities and only when needed

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5
Q

True or False the hypothalamus produces releasing and inhibiting hormones

A

True

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6
Q

Where is the pituitary gland located

A

Inferior to the hypothalamus within the sella tunica of the sphenoid bone

-almost directly behind the nose

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7
Q

What is the pituitary gland also known as

A

Hypophysis

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8
Q

What is the anterior pituitary gland known as

A

adenohypophysis or pars distalis

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9
Q

What is the posterior pituitary gland known as

A

neurohypophysis or pars nervosa

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10
Q

What gland of the pituitary is larger and why

A

They anterior pituitary because it is metabolically active

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11
Q

How many cell types are located in the anterior pituitary and what are there names.

A

5 types

  1. Somatotrophs
  2. Thyrotrophs
  3. Gonadotrophs
  4. Lactotrophs
  5. Corticotrophs
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12
Q

What does somatotrophs produce

A

Human growth hormone (HGH) aka somatotropin

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13
Q

What does thyrotrophs produce

A

Thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) aka thyrotropin

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14
Q

What does gonadotrophs produce

A

Follicle stimulating hormone and luteinizing hormone

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15
Q

What does lactotrophs produce

A

Prolactin (PRL)

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16
Q

What does corticotrophs produce

A

Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) aka cortictropin
and
Melanocyte stimulating hormone

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17
Q

What is human growth hormone also known as

A

somatotropin

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18
Q

True or false HGH is released in a diurnal/pulsatile manner

A

True

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19
Q

At what time does HGH increase

A

first 2 hours of deep sleep

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20
Q

What is the main fxn of HGH

A

promote synthesis and secretion of Insulin-like growth factors (somatomedins)

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21
Q

What are IGF’s also known as

A

Somatomedins

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22
Q

Where are IGF’s made

A

liver, skeletal muscle, bones and cartilage

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23
Q

What is believed to cause the changes in the body HGH or IGF’s

A

IGF’s

-Someone could have normal HGH but if they are not producing IGFs they will have abnormalities

24
Q

Describe IGF synthesis/release starting from hypothalamus hormones

A

Growth hormone releasing hormones causes HGH to produced and released which in turn causes IGF’s to be synthesized and released

Growth hormone inhibitory hormone inhibits the production and release of HGH and thus decreases IGF synthetization/release

25
Q

How does IGF’s affect bone, adipose, skeletal muscle, liver, immune system and CNS

A
  1. bone=increase formation new bone in children and bone turn over in adults (renewal)
  2. adipose= lipolysis/increase FFA’s
  3. skeletal muscle=anabolism
  4. liver=Gluconeogenesis, reduced glucose uptake. increased IGF production
  5. immune system= stimulates Bcell response, NK cells, macrophages, and T cell function
  6. CNS= modulates mood and behavior, but not well known
26
Q

True or False IGF’s metabolically act similar to insulin

A

False, IGF’s counteracts insulin on lipid and glucose metabolism

27
Q

When blood sugar is low what is the action of IGF’s do

A

work to increase blood glucose

  • gluconeogenesis in liver
  • release of FFAs for other tissues to use as energy
28
Q

What is the hypersecretion of HGH in childhood called and what happens to the body

A

Gigantism
-epiphyseal plates do not close so person becomes very tall

  • bones also become very thick/heavy
  • hyperglycemia

-panhypopituitarism=somatotrophs become so large they kill off other pituitary gland cells

29
Q

What is the hypersecretion of HGH in adulthood called and what happens to the body

A

Acromegaly
-enlarged facial features, hands and feet

  • bone thickening
  • enlargement of organs especially liver and kidneys
  • skin thickening
30
Q

What is the hyposecretion of HGH in childhood called what happens to the body

A

Dwarfism

-epiphyseal plates close before normal ht is achieved

31
Q

What happens to HGH production as we age

A

Production decreases w/ age

32
Q

What is the function of adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) and what hypothalamic hormone stimulates its production.

A
  • ACTH controls the production of glucocorticoid steroids (ie cortisol), certain adrogens, and certain mineral corticoids produced in adrenal cortex
  • Stimulated by corticotropin releasing hormone (CRH)
33
Q

When is adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) released

A

During physiologic and physical stressors.

34
Q

What hypothalamic hormone stimulates the production of Prolactin and what causes it to be released.

A

Prolactin releasing hormone

-released by suckling of the breast and increased estrogen

35
Q

What hypothalamic hormone inhibits the production of Prolactin and what is another name for this hormone

A

Prolactin inhibitory hormone aka dopamine

36
Q

What are the effects of prolactin

A
  • stimulates the growth/development of mammary glands during pregnancy
  • stimulates synthesis of milk during pregnancy
  • plays a part in the menstrual cycle
37
Q

Prior to menstruation what causes prolactin to be increased

A

low estrogen/progesterone inhibits PIH(dopamine)

38
Q

Besides right before menstruation are prolactin levels high or low

A

low because estrogen levels increase so PIH (dopamine) increases.

39
Q

What would be a sign of prolactin hypersecretion

A
  • milky breast charge in males or non-pregnant/non-breast feeding females
  • ED w/ no obvious cause
40
Q

What is the function of follicle stimulating hormone (FSH)

A
  • Initiates follicle production in women and produce ovarian production of estrogen
  • stimulates production of sperm cells
41
Q

What inhibits and promotes follicle stimulating hormone (FSH)

A
  • Gonadotropin -releasing hormone from hypothalamus increases production
  • Inhibited by increased estrogen or testosterone
42
Q

What is the function of luteinizing hormone (LH)

A

females= ovulation and formation of corpus luteum and w/ FSH release estrogen from ovarian follicular cells

males= stimulates testes to produce testosterone

43
Q

What hormone in the hypothalamus promotes luteinizing hormone (LH)

A

Gonadotropin-releasing hormone from hypothalamus increases production

44
Q

Describe melanocyte stimulating hormones

A

a group of peptide hormones produced in the skin, anterior pituitary and other parts of the body that are involved in pigmenting skin cells

-possible production in suppressing appetite

45
Q

What inhibits production of melanocyte stimulating hormones in the pituitary gland only

A

Dopamine

46
Q

What is the name of the neural tissue that makes up the bulbar portion of the posterior pituitary

A

pars nervosa

47
Q

What is antidiuretic hormone (ADH) also known as

A

Vassopressin

48
Q

What is the fxn of ADH aka vasopressin

A

decreases urine production/excretion and increases vasoconstriction thus increasing BP

49
Q

How does alcohol affect ADH

A

EtOH reduces release of ADH from posterior pituitary

50
Q

How are ADH and blood osmotic pressure related

A

Osmoreceptors in the hypothalamus monitor blood osmotic pressure and stimulate/inhibit ADH release in response

high blood osmotic or low blood volume pressure (dehydration) =increased ADH

51
Q

What body tissues are ADH targets

A
  1. Collecting ducts of renal tubules=reabsorbs waters
  2. Sudoriferous glands=inhibits sweats
  3. Vascular smooth muscle= constriction
52
Q

What are other ways does ADH secretion get altered

A

Pain, stress, trauma, morphine, tranqs, some anesthetics, nicotine

53
Q

Describe diabetes insipidus

A

Disease that is caused by defects in ADH receptors (nephrogenic) or inability to produce/secrete ADH (neurogenic) which causes excessive urination/thirst and dehydration

54
Q

What are the known fxn of oxytocin and what stimulates its release

A
  • Released during the delivery of a child, stretching of the cervix stimulates release, in a positive feed back loop
  • also causes milk let down
55
Q

What are the possible fxn of oxytocin

A
  • possibly involved with emotional bonding in males

- possibly plays a part in feeling sexual pleasure during and after intercourse

56
Q

What are the known fxn of oxytocin and what stimulates its release

A
  • Released during the delivery of a child, stretching of the cervix stimulates release, in a positive feed back loop
  • also causes milk let down
57
Q

What are the possible fxn of oxytocin

A
  • possibly involved with emotional bonding in males

- possibly plays a part in feeling sexual pleasure during and after intercourse

A&P 2 Test 3 Endo (6 decks)

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