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Neuroendocrine I: Exam 3 > Hypothalamic and Limbic Systems > Flashcards

Hypothalamic and Limbic Systems Flashcards

1
Q

Which nuclei does the anterior hypothalamic area harbor?

A
  • Paraventricular nucleus
  • Preoptic nucleus
  • Anterior nucleus
  • Supraoptic nuclei (medial and lateral)
  • Suprachiasmatic nucleus
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2
Q

Which nuclei does the middle hypothalamic area harbor?

A
  • Arcuate nucleus
  • Ventromedial nucleus
  • Dorsomedial nucleus
  • Tuber cinereum
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3
Q

Which nuclei does the posterior hypothalamic area harbor?

A
  • Posterior nucleus

- Mammillary bodies

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4
Q

Damage to the lateral zone/nucleus of the hypothalamus causes

A
  • decrease in feeding behavior w/ resultant weight loss

- Contains the median forebrain bundle

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5
Q

Function of the supraoptic/paraventricular nuclei

A
  • Contain oxytocin (PVN) and vasopressin/antidiuretic hormone (SON) w/in axons of the posterior pituitary gland
  • Lesions can result in diabetes insipidus (DI), increased H2O intake and increased urination
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6
Q

Function of the suprachiasmatic nucleus

A
  • Receives direct input from retina to mediate circadian rhythms (hormonal fluctuations secondary to light-dark cycles)
  • Activity opposes drive for sleep and essential for timing of rest vs activity
  • Cells maintain 24 hr periodicity via transcription/translational control of circadian genes and these gene products indirectly control melatonin secretion
  • Damage may modify, or abolish, these rhythms
  • Secretes releasing/inhibiting hormones
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7
Q

Function of anterior and preoptic nuclei

A
  • Visceral/somatic functions
  • Temperature regulation
  • Parasympathetic activity
  • Sleep
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8
Q

Function of hypothalamic ventromedial nucleus

A
  • satiety center (inhibits eating and drinking by giving us sense of ‘fullness’)
  • Lesions cause excessive eating and abnormal weight gain
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9
Q

Function of the hypothalamic dorsomedial nucleus

A
  • Subserves emotional behavior
  • Stimulation causes sham rage in animals
  • Lesions result in decreased aggression and feeding
  • Role in circadian rhythms
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10
Q

Function of the arcuate nucleus

A

-Secretes releasing/inhibiting hormones

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11
Q

Function of the medial mammillary nucleus

A
  • Receives afferents from hippocampus via fornix
  • Sends efferents to the thalamus and brainstem
  • Lesions result in inability to convert short-term events into long-term memory
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12
Q

Function of the hypothalamic posterior nucleus

A
  • Heat gain/conservation
  • Cold temperature response
  • Sympathetic activity
  • Arousal/wakefulness
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13
Q

Blood supply of Hypothalamus: anteromedial group

A
  • Branches from anterior communicating and A1 segments

- Supplies the preoptic area and supraoptic region, septal nuclei, rostral portions of lateral hypothalamic area

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14
Q

Blood supply of Hypothalamus: posteromedial group

A
  • Perforating arteries from posterior communicating artery and P1 segment
  • Rostral portion of posterior communicating supplies the tuberal region
  • Caudal parts of posterior communicating artery supplies the mammillary region
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15
Q

Lesions in anterolateral medulla

A

-Disrupt hypothalamomedullary fibers causing disruption of the sympathetic outflow to face and head (Horner’s syndrome) or body

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16
Q

Afferent pathway of the hippocampal formation

A

Dentate gyrus –> cornus ammonis (CA)3 –> CA1 –> subiculum

17
Q

Efferent pathway of the hippocampal formation

A

Fibers from cell bodies in subiculum (CA2) and hippocampus proper (CA1) bundle into fimbria and form the fornix –> terminates in medial mammillary nucleus, ventromedial nucleus and anterior nucleus of dorsal thalamus
-Other projections include the septal nuclei, frontal cortex, preoptic and anterior nuclei of the hypothalamus, and the nucleus accumbens

18
Q

Korsakoff’s Syndrome

A
  • Progressive degeneration of mammillary bodies, hippocampal complex and dorsomedial thalamic nucleus –> impedes retention of newly acquired memories b/c cannot convert short term into long-term memories
  • Pt typically have severe difficulty learning new tasks and difficulty in understanding written material, as well as, conducting meaningful conversations
  • Pt may confabulate - combine fragmented memories into a synthesized memory of an ‘event’ that never occurred
  • Caused by thiamine deficiency, typically associated w/ chronic alcoholism
19
Q

Hippocampal Amnesia

A
  • B/l lesions of hippocampi resulting in deficient anterograde episodic memory (cannot learn new material) BUT spared procedural and working memory
  • Pt IQ and formal reasoning ~ normal
20
Q

Anosmia

A
  • Loss of smell due to viral infection of olfactory mucosa, obstruction of nasal passages or congenital
  • Lesions due to shearing of CN1 (e.g. MVA or head injury) or anterior cranial fossa floor tumors can also cause this
  • Pts typically do not recover sense of smell b/c axons typically cannot regrow through small openings
21
Q

Phantosmia (olfactory hallucination)

A
  • Distortion in smell experience or perception of smell when no odor present (phantom smell)
  • Due to abnormal sequence of neuronal activity caused by lesion of anterior/medial temporal lobe (hippocampus, amygdala, or dorsal thalamic nuclei)
22
Q

Amygdala function

A
  • Attaches emotional significance to stimulus
  • Regulates visceral responses to emotional stimuli, including pain
  • Emotional responses to food (e.g. pleasant smells stimulate appetite)
  • Fear and fear conditioning
23
Q

Afferents to amygdala

A
  • Sensory info from raphe nuclei, periaqueductal grey, dorsal motor nucleus of X, nucleus solitarius and locus ceruleus
  • Dorsomedial nucleus of thalamus and from other cortical areas
24
Q

Efferents from amygdala

A
  • Stria terminalis and ventral amygdalofugal pathways:
    1. Target hypothalamus, ventral striatum and septal nuclei (ST,VAF)
    2. Cerebral cortex (frontal, prefrontal, cingulate and inferior temporal cortical areas)
25
Q

Kluver-Bucy Syndrome

A
  • B/l temporal lobe lesions that abolish amygdaloid complex
  • Behavioral changes include (but not always ALL of them):
    1. Visual agnosia - inability to recognize an object by sight
    2. Hyperorality - tendency to examine objects by mouth
    3. Hypermetamorphosis - compulsion to intensively explore immediate environment or overreact to visual stimuli
    4. Placidity - may not show fear/anger when rxn appropriate
    5. Hyperphagia - excessive eating when not hungry or when objects not food
    6. Hypersexuality
26
Q

Ventral tegmental area (VTA)

A
  • Medial to substantia nigra and houses dopaminergic neurons
  • Connections w/ ventral striatum, amygdala and other limbic structures
  • Reward and motivation and possibly addiction
27
Q

Septal nuclei

A
  • Small area rostral to anterior commissure
  • Reciprocal connections w/ olfactory bulb, hippocampus (via fornix) and amygdala
  • Role in reward/pleasure and control of rage behavior
28
Q

Nucleus Accumbens

A
  • Located in forebrain near continuation of caudate and putamen
  • Important in addiction and chronic pain behaviors
29
Q

Which areas of the hypothalamus regulate the autonomic nervous system?

A
  • Anterior area activates parasympathetic activity (CNIII, VII, IX, X and S2-4)
  • Posterior area activates sympathetic activity (lateral horn of T1-L2)

Neuroendocrine I: Exam 3 (18 decks)

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