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Neuroendocrine I: Exam 3 > Auditory Pathways > Flashcards

Auditory Pathways Flashcards

1
Q

Where do the cochlear nerve fibers go when reaching the cochlear nucleus?

A
  • The fibers enter @ cerebellopontine angle and split into ascending and descending bundles:
    a. Ascending bundle –> synapse at anterior part of anterior cochlear nucleus
    b. Descending bundle –> synapse at posterior part of anterior cochlear nucleus and posterior part of posterior cochlear nucleus
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2
Q

Monaural Tract

A
  • Information about sounds at a single ear
  • Fibers from the posterior cochlear nucleus travel contralaterally via the posterior acoustic stria to the lateral lemniscus –> inferior colliculus –> brachium of inferior colliculus –> medial geniculate nucleus in thalamus –> primary auditory cortex
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3
Q

Binaural Tract

A
  • Manages info about differences b/w sounds @ both ears by central pathways that receive, compare and transmit input
    1. Fibers from anterior cochlear nucleus travel either:
    a. directly to the ipsilateral superior olivary complex
    b. to contralateral superior olivary complex via trapezoid body
    2. Superior olivary complex
    a. Medial superior olivary nucleus - interaural time differences
    b. Lateral superior olivary nucleus - interaural intensity differences
    3. Superior olivary complex –> lateral lemniscus:
    a. Posterior nucleus of lateral lemniscus - receive fibers from lateral superior olivary nucleus and also sends fibers to central nucleus of contralateral inferior colliculus
    4. Lateral lemniscus –> inferior colliculus
    a. Central nucleus of inferior colliculus - also sends inputs to contralateral inferior colliculus via commissure of inferior colliculus
    5. Inferior colliculus –> brachium of inferior colliculus –> medial geniculate nucleus in thalamus –> primary auditory cortex
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4
Q

Central deafness

A
  • Caused by damage to central pathways (e.g. nuclei) which disrupts the crossing fibers
  • Can hear sound but unable to process specifics about the sound (e.g. difficulty processing where sound coming from and differentiating it)
  • Rarely results in ipsilateral deafness
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5
Q

Sensorineural deafness

A
  • Caused by damage to cochlea or cochlear root of CN VIII –> antibiotics (MC aminoglycosides), tumors, repeated exposure to loud noises
  • Ipsilateral deafness of structure affected
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6
Q

Conduction deafness

A

-Caused by obstructed, or altered, transmission of sound to tympanic membrane or through ossicle chain of middle ear (more anatomic causes) –> damage to pinna (cannot conduct sound properly), excess ear wax, damage to tympanic membrane

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7
Q

Blood supply to: cochlea and auditory nuclei of pons and medulla

A

Basilar artery

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8
Q

Blood supply to: inner ear and cochlear nuclei

A

Internal auditory (labyrinthine) artery (typically branch of AICA)

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9
Q

Occlusion of internal auditory (labyrinthine) artery results in

A
  • Monaural hearing loss
  • Can damage fibers of CN VII and pontine gaze center
  • Pt presents w/ monaural hearing loss w/ ipsilateral facial paralysis and inability to look toward side of lesion
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10
Q

Blood supply to: superior olivary complex and lateral lemniscus

A

Short circumferential branches of basilar artery

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11
Q

Blood supply to: inferior colliculus

A

Superior cerebellar and quadrigeminal arteries

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12
Q

Blood supply to: medial geniculate bodies

A

Thalamogeniculate arteries

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13
Q

Blood supply to: primary auditory and association cortices

A

Branches of M2 segment

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14
Q

Motor aprosodia

A
  • Due to lesion of the non-dominant hemisphere (typically RT) in area analogous to Broca’s (area allowing us to add non-verbal meaning to speech such as sarcasm or emotional significance)
  • Pt still able to feel the emotions that they want to add to their speech but can’t verbally express it (teacher who can’t yell at students when angry)
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15
Q

Sensory aprosodia

A
  • Due to lesion of the non-dominant hemisphere (typically RT) in area analogous to Wernicke’s (area allowing us to comprehend non-verbal meaning to speech such as sarcasm or emotional significance)
  • Pt unable to understand non-verbal cues in speech
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16
Q

Language Pathway

A
  1. Primary auditory cortex - differentiates where sound is coming from and when sound is being heard (transverse temporal gyrus)
  2. Auditory association cortex - classifies what the sound is w/ visual and somesthetic info via assistance from primary auditory cortex (superior temporal gyrus)
  3. Wernicke’s area - comprehending what is being said
  4. Arcuate fasciculus - connects Wernicke’s to Broca’s area
  5. Broca’s area - instructions for speech output based on info received from Wernicke’s, determines how you want to respond to information received
  6. Motor cortices - send information to speech muscles to move accordingly
17
Q

Auditory agnosia

A
  • Inability to describe a sound but pt can still perceive they are hearing a sound (e.g. Pt may hear instrument played but describe it as a car horn to you. However, they still cannot confidently say it is a car horn they heard)
  • Caused by b/l lesions to anterior superior temporal lobes (predominantly the auditory association cortex)
18
Q

Broca’s Aphasia

A
  • Expressive aphasia in which the pt experiences difficulty in turning concept/thought into meaningful sounds (feeling of word at tip of their tongue), difficulty writing and cannot repeat words back to you
  • Frustrating b/c comprehension of speech is intact
  • Typically use short phrases and leave out nonessential words, responding w/ “um”, “yes”, “no”
  • Caused by tumors and occlusions of frontal M4 branches
19
Q

Wernicke’s Aphasia

A
  • Defect in comprehension of speech, unable to understand what is said to them, unable to read (alexia), unable to write comprehensible language (agraphia), display fluent paraphasic speech (lots of words w/o meaning) and unable to repeat words back to you
  • Caused by occlusion of temporal and parietal M4, as well as, hemorrhages into thalamus that extend lateral and caudally, invading the subcortical white matter
20
Q

Global Aphasia

A
  • Virtually complete loss of language comprehension and speech
  • Caused by occlusion of LT ICA or proximal M1, damaging Broca’s and Wernicke’s areas
21
Q

Conduction Aphasia

A
  • Normal comprehension, fluent speech but pt struggles translating what someone has said to him/her in appropriate reply (unable to repeat words back to you)
  • Caused by interruptions of the arcuate fasciculus which links Broca’s to Wernicke’s area
22
Q

Transcortical (pericentral) motor aphasia

A
  • Contralateral paresis and expressive language deficits similar to Broca’s BUT ability to REPEAT is maintained (mild Broca’s aphasia)
  • Caused by anterior watershed infarct (ACA and MCA region)
23
Q

Transcortical (pericentral) sensory aphasia

A
  • Partial visual field deficit and receptive language deficit similar to Wernicke’s BUT ability to REPEAT is maintained (mild Wernicke’s aphasia)
  • Caused by posterior watershed infarct (MCA and PCA region)
24
Q

Mixed transcortical aphasia

A

-Similar to global aphasia but more mild in that there is some expressive and some comprehension deficits BUT ability to REPEAT is maintained

25
Q

Function of Broca’s area

A
  • Brodmann areas 44 and 45
  • Production of language (spoken, written, signed)
  • Works w/ frontal lobe which adds syntax, grammar and higher order motor aspects of speech
26
Q

Function of Wernicke’s area

A
  • Brodmann areas 39 and 40
  • Comprehension of language (spoken and signed)
  • Works w/ parietal and temporal lobe which add lexicon (vocab) and attaching sounds to their meaning
27
Q

Function of the Arcuate fasciculus

A
  • Connecting network b/w Broca’s and Wernicke’s areas

- Allows combination of speaking coherently, understanding what is being said to us and then responding appropriately

28
Q

Function of the area analogous to Broca’s (non-dominant hemisphere)

A
  • Producing non-verbal communication (our own prosody of speech)
  • Tone of voice, normal melodious intonation of speech that helps convey meaning, imparting significance to language
29
Q

Function of the area analogous to Wernicke’s (non-dominant hemisphere)

A

-Comprehending non-verbal communication (someone else’s prosody of speech - e.g. Tone of voice, normal melodious intonation of speech that helps convey meaning, imparting significance to language)

Neuroendocrine I: Exam 3 (18 decks)

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