Hyporheic Restoration

Question 1

are aquifers beneath and adjacent to stream
and river channels through which surface water exchanges and mixes with groundwater

Answer 1

Hypoheic zones

Question 2

are intimately connected to the water column and benthic zones and underpin stream ecosystem function through important contributions to biogeochemical cycling and biological habitat

Answer 2

hyporheic zone

Question 3

Hyporheic exchange of water is controlled primarily by hydraulic head gradients between _____ and ___________.

Answer 3

surface and subsurface water and the permeability of the sediments

Question 4

___ dictates the spatial patterns of hydraulic head in the channel that drive local hyporheic exchange patterns

Answer 4

Channel morphology

Question 5

In particular, features such as pools, riffles,
steps, debris dams, large wood, bars, meander bends, and side channels drive hyporheic exchange by_______ the
local streambed gradient, creating obstacles in the flow which induce backwater and form drag, and create channel planform complexity

Answer 5

increasing

Question 6

However, high hydraulic head in near-channel groundwater in highly gaining streams can limit the ___

Answer 6

overall volume of hyporheic exchange

Question 7

____ affects hyporheic exchange not only by controlling the overall range of hydraulic conductivities and therefore bulk flow rates through sediment , but also via spatial heterogeneity of conductivity which can drive exchange even in the absence of morphologic features

Answer 7

sediment permeability

Question 8

The ___ residence time of water and
solutes in the porous media of the hyporheic zone increases the opportunity for microbially mediated biogeochemical
reactions relative to water in the channel

Answer 8

increased

Question 9

Hyporheic zones
are thus locations of intense cycling of ___, ____, and ___

Answer 9

nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), and carbon (C).

Question 10

The hyporheic zone can act as both a source and a sink
of __

Answer 10

dissolved organic matter (DOM)

Question 11

The hyporheic zone
has more often been found to be a sink for ___, because it is consumed and transformed by the extensive microbial
communities therein.

Answer 11

DOM

Question 12

Hyporheic exchange helps to
moderate surface water temperature over daily and annual cycles primarily by _____ from exposure to direct solar radiationsthe largest natural contributor to surface energy balances on clear dayssandmixing withmore
constant temperature groundwater

Answer 12

removing exchanging water

Question 13

what are the morphologic features that are commonly installed in stream restoration projects to benefit geomorphic stability, aquatic habitat, and aesthetics

Answer 13

Pools, riffles, log dams, steps, and
meander bends

Question 14

______ is often installed in stream
restoration projects for stabilizing the bed and banks, and enhancing habitat for aquatic organisms. may also serve as a C source

Answer 14

Large wood

Question 15

a common stream restoration practice that generally has goals of increasing sediment stability, improving benthic conditions for fish eggs, and even thermal buffering from
hyporheic exchange (

Answer 15

Sediment Coarsening

Question 15

is a common stream restoration technique, used to stabilize banks, provide shade to reduce peak stream temperatures, and improve
aesthetics

Answer 15

Floodplain reforestation