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hydrogeohuhu > hmp > Flashcards

hmp Flashcards

1
Q

maximum rate of pumpage that can be allowed while ensuring that water-level declines are kept with acceptable limits.

A

Groundwater yield

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2
Q

maximum pumping rate that can be supplied by a well without lowering the water level in the well below the pump intake

A

well yield

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3
Q

maximum rate of withdrawal that can be sustained by the complete hydrogeologic system in a groundwater basin without causing unacceptable declines in hydraulic head in the system or causing unacceptable changes to any other component of the hydrologic cycle in the basin

A

basin yield

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3
Q

maximum rate of withdrawal that can be sustained by an aquifer without causing an unacceptable decline in the hydraulic head in the aquifer

A

Aquifer yield

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4
Q

Inflow – Outflow =

A

change in volume

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5
Q

What can observe about groundwater systems?

A
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6
Q

problems with lab methods

A
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7
Q

Conducting a pump test (theoretically)

A

Infrastructure
- At least one pumping well…
o K and transmissivity properties can be determined from single well tests
- At least one observation well
o To determine storage properties
- Multiple observation wells
o Better estimates of storage and transmissivity
o Boundaries
o Anisotropy
- From the test – record the pump rate and know the location of the pumping well, and observation wells.

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8
Q

What properties affect drawdown in an unconfined aquifer?

A
  • Storativity
  • Horizontal conductivity
  • Vertical conductivity
  • Specific yield
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9
Q

Neuman solution – Three phases of unconfined drawdown

A
  • Phase 1: Drawdown is controlled by the Ss of the saturated part of the aquifer
    • Phase 2: Drawdown is controlled by the vertical conductivity of the aquifer
    • Phase 3: Drawdown is controlled by the specific yield of the aquifer
  • This is called the concept of delayed yield
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10
Q

Three Phases System: Solid, Liquid and Gas

A
  • Zone of aeration
  • Or zone of unsaturation
  • Or vadose zone
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11
Q

is the depression or the rise of a liquid in a small capillary passage tube having small cross sectional area such as openings in the porous materials

A

Capillarity

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12
Q
A
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13
Q

is the subsurface layer in which groundwater seeps up from a water table by capillary action to fill pores. Pores at the base of the capillary fringe are filled with water due too tension saturation

A

Capillary Fringe

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14
Q

results from 2 force: mutual attraction (Cohesion) between water molecules and the molecular attraction (Adhesion) between water and different soil materials

A
  • Capillarity
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15
Q

can provide a mean of direct evaporation of ground water if the water table is close enough to the surface that the capillary fringe reaches the ground surface

A
  • capillary fringe
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16
Q

measuring instrument used to determine water potential (soil moisture tension) in the vadose zone
- Device typically consists of glass or plastic tube with porous ceramic cup and filled with water

A
  • Tensiometer
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17
Q
  • Soil moisture at a location varies with changes in the amount of ___and _____
A

precipitation and evapotranspiration

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18
Q
A
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19
Q

when soil-moisture content of a layer reaches to the points at which the force of gravity acting on the water = the surface tension, gravity drainage cease.

A
  • Field capacity
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20
Q

the remaining moisture is too tightly bound the soil particles

A

wilting point

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21
Q

primary method through which water enters an aquifer
- usually topographic high places
- deeper water table

A

groundwater recharge zone

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22
Q

an area which groundwater is discharged to the land surface, surface water, or atmosphere
- topographic lows
- shallow water table
- spring, seep, lake. or streams
- vegetation: wet soil
- arid: thicker veg cover or salt deposit

A

groundwater discharge zone

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23
Q

importance of recharge and discharge and time

A

important to characterize the bedding

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24
Q

pila nadaw edad anang tubig or unsa daw to deep well sa davao huhu

A

40 years

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25
Q

_____ wetlands, water moves from the wetland into the groundwater

A

recharging

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26
Q

____ wetlands, water moves from groundwater into the wetland

A

discharging

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27
Q

a line in a 2 dimensional groundwater flow field such that the total hydraulic head is the same everywhere on the surface

A

equipotential line

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28
Q

connects points or equal head and thus represents the height of the water table/ or potentiometeric surface of a confined aquifer, above a datum plane

A

equipotential line

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29
Q

idealized paths followed by particles of water as they move through the aquifer
- indicates recharge and discharge

A

flow lines

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30
Q

played a role in the settlement pattern of many lands

A

spring

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31
Q

spots that provide simple mechanism of springs

A

topographic lows

32
Q

types of springs

A
  • Depression spring -formed in unconfined aquifers when the topography intersects the water table, usually due to the surface stream incision.
  • Contact spring - formed where relatively permeable rocks overlie rocks of low permeability. A lithological contact is usually marked by a line of springs. Such springs are usually associated with perched aquifers in mountains
  • Fault spring - Faulting may also give rise to conditions favorable for spring formation as groundwater (at depth) under hydrostatic pressure (such as in confined aquifers) can move up along such faults. An impermeable rock unit may be brought in contact with an unconfined aquifer due to faulting.
  • Sinkhole spring/solution - on karst landscapes
  • Joint spring - when groundwater running along an impermeable layer of rock meets a crack (fracture) or joint in the rock.
  • Fracture spring - ur due to existence of permeable fracture zones in low permeability rocks. Movement of groundwater is mainly through fractures that constitute the porosity and permeability of aquifers. Springs are formed where these fractures intersect the ground surface.
33
Q

some of largest spring are found of __________

A

limestone bedrocks

34
Q

true or false: all surface water features (streams, lakes, reservoirs, wetlands, and estuaries) interact with ground water)

A

true

35
Q

characterized by intergranular porosity and all contain water primarily under unconfined, or water-table, conditions.

A

unconsolidated aquifer

36
Q

a gently sloping plain consisting of alluvium
normally delimited by uplands on either side that rise above the level of the valley to varying heights

A

alluvial valleys

37
Q

true or false: many major valley systems are products of tectonic activity rather than of fluvial or glacial erosion

A

true

38
Q

fault-block valley can also be created by down-dropping of ____

A

large crustal pieces along faults

39
Q

clastic sedimentary rocks are typically composed of

A

silicate, carbonate or clay minerals

40
Q

chemically precipitated sedimentary rocks are primarily

A

limestone, dolomite, salt or gypsum

41
Q

can also be considered to be sedimentary deposits, with the original sediments being organic

A

coal and lignite

42
Q

true or false: it is always na sedimentary rocks occur as a single unit: there is no sequence of many beds

A

false

43
Q

true or false: complex stratigraphy is not a hindrance to ground-water exploration

A

false

44
Q

difficulties on studying of sedimentary rock units

A

change in lithology from one locality to another

45
Q

can create very complex hydrogeologic systems in which determination of the locations or recharge and discharge zones and flow systems is confounded

A

folding and faulting of sedimentary rocks

46
Q

to determine flow systems it is important to determine the ________________ and measure ____ know flow systems but ____ must also be evaluated

A

determine characteristics of rock units
measure groundwater levels in wells
detailed geology

47
Q

based on primary permeability is a fucntion of grain size, shape, and sorting of the original sediments
- cementation

A

hydraulic conductivity (clastic)

48
Q

desert areas receive ________ precipitation or less each year

A

10in (25 cm)

49
Q

they are regional features, bounded on the continental side by highlands and seaward by a coastline(aquifer)

A

coastal-plain aquifers

50
Q

exits in areas of stable basement rock as well as in those areas where the basement is sinking
may include large areas of former sea floor and the geology may be similar to that of the adjacent continental shelf

A

coastal plains

51
Q

aquifers locted next to tidal bodies are subjected to ________-term fluctuations in the head due to the tide

A

short

52
Q

general water balance equation

A

P = Q + E + /\S
P = precipitation
Q is runoff
E is evapotranspirati
/\S is the change in storage

53
Q

water use and service percetage (agri, indus, domes)

A

Agri - 74%
Indust - 9%
dom - 17%

54
Q

who regulates the water resources?

A

National water resource board

55
Q

level of water supply service

A

level 1 - point source (a protected well or developed spring with an outlet but without distribution system) not more than 250 meters and user
level 2 - communal faucet system or stand post (composed of a source, reservoir, a piper distribution network and communal faucets) not more than25 meters and user farthest ha
level 3 - waterworks sysstem (waterworks system or individual house connections, household taps)

56
Q

presidential decree 198

A

Local Water Utilities Administration (LWUA)
- provide, maintain, operate and development

57
Q

surface water

A

temporary retention surfaces
ponds
lakes
streams
estuarine
natural depressions

58
Q

groundwater

A

wells
springs
seepages
subterranean rivers

59
Q

**

components of water supply system

A

water source facilities
transmission lines
treatment facilities
storage facilities
pressure zones
distribution network

60
Q

source as component of Water supply system

A

surface water
- perennial river without impoundment
- river with impounding reservoir

61
Q

shallow well depth in meters

A

less than 20 meters

62
Q

deep well depth in meters

A

20 meters or more

63
Q

two types of pump

A

positive displacement pumps and centrifugal pumps

64
Q

“constant flow machines”

A

positve displacement pumps

65
Q

velocity is added to fluid by a spinning impeller and converted to pressure energy inside the pump

A

centrifugal pumps

66
Q

impacts of gw overextractions

A

land subsidence, salt water intrusions

66
Q

universal solvent

A

water

67
Q

true or false: gw usually contain largest amounts of dissolved solids

A

true

68
Q

any deterioration in the quality of water resulting from the activities of humans

A

pollution of gw

69
Q

most pollution of GW results from

A

disposal of wastes on land surface

70
Q

____ and ____ of soil and rocks may affect pollutants in several way

A

mineral composition and physical characteristics

71
Q

deterioation of water qual

A

changes in quality of water in aquifer and changes in well

72
Q

deterioration of the biological quality

A

refers to the appearance of bacteria or viruses

73
Q
A
73
Q

deterioration in chemical quality

A

artrival at a supply well of water containing dissolved supply well of water chemical in a undersirably large concentration

74
Q

important constitute in fertilizers and is present in relatively large concentration in human and animal waste

A

nitrate

75
Q

deterioration in physical quality

A

changes in appearance, taste and temp

hydrogeohuhu (2 decks)

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